monday commit

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iOS 3 years ago
parent 7bfd75679e
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"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Ego is the Enemy The Legend of Genghis Khan - Farnam Street.md\"> Ego is the Enemy The Legend of Genghis Khan - Farnam Street </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring Telegram bots.md\"> Configuring Telegram bots </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring Prometheus.md\"> Configuring Prometheus </a>",
@ -3524,17 +3589,7 @@
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Jeff Zucker Scandal Inside the CNN President's Downfall.md\"> Jeff Zucker Scandal Inside the CNN President's Downfall </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/For the West, the Worst Is Yet to Come.md\"> For the West, the Worst Is Yet to Come </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Three Bodies in Texas.md\"> Three Bodies in Texas </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Amateur open-source researchers went viral unpacking the war in Ukraine.md\"> Amateur open-source researchers went viral unpacking the war in Ukraine </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Seneca On Coping with the Shortness of Life.md\"> Seneca On Coping with the Shortness of Life </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Simone de Beauvoir recommends we fight for ourselves as we age Psyche Ideas.md\"> Simone de Beauvoir recommends we fight for ourselves as we age Psyche Ideas </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The cells that can give you super-immunity.md\"> The cells that can give you super-immunity </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/We Need to Retire the Term “Microaggressions”.md\"> We Need to Retire the Term “Microaggressions” </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Babylone.md\"> Babylone </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"The twitching generation.md\"> The twitching generation </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"Slow sex, long life.md\"> Slow sex, long life </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"Uyghur Exile.md\"> Uyghur Exile </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The improbable endless heroism of Volodymyr Zelensky.md\"> The improbable endless heroism of Volodymyr Zelensky </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The man who paid for Anerica's fear.md\"> The man who paid for Anerica's fear </a>"
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Amateur open-source researchers went viral unpacking the war in Ukraine.md\"> Amateur open-source researchers went viral unpacking the war in Ukraine </a>"
],
"Refactored": [
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.02 Home/@Main Dashboard.md\"> @Main Dashboard </a>",
@ -3562,9 +3617,16 @@
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"04.04 Blog/DG - News Page.md\"> DG - News Page </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring Telegram bots.md\"> Configuring Telegram bots </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/How to Install Prometheus on Ubuntu 20.04.md\"> How to Install Prometheus on Ubuntu 20.04 </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/How to Install Prometheus on Ubuntu 20.04.md\"> How to Install Prometheus on Ubuntu 20.04 </a>"
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/How to Install Prometheus on Ubuntu 20.04.md\"> How to Install Prometheus on Ubuntu 20.04 </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/How to Install and Configure Prometheus Alert Manager on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS.md\"> How to Install and Configure Prometheus Alert Manager on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring Prometheus.md\"> Configuring Prometheus </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring Prometheus.md\"> Configuring Prometheus </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring Prometheus.md\"> Configuring Prometheus </a>"
],
"Deleted": [
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/GitHub - inCallerprometheus_bot Telegram bot for prometheus alerting.md\"> GitHub - inCallerprometheus_bot Telegram bot for prometheus alerting </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Prometheus Alertmanager send alerts via Telegram - DPBD90 - Medium.md\"> Prometheus Alertmanager send alerts via Telegram - DPBD90 - Medium </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/How to Install and Configure Prometheus Alert Manager on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS.md\"> How to Install and Configure Prometheus Alert Manager on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/How to Install Prometheus on Ubuntu 20.04.md\"> How to Install Prometheus on Ubuntu 20.04 </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-06-30 Test task.md\"> 2022-06-30 Test task </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/InstallEnable Secure NGINX with Custom Fail2ban Filters - LinuxCapable.md\"> InstallEnable Secure NGINX with Custom Fail2ban Filters - LinuxCapable </a>",
@ -3612,12 +3674,42 @@
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"Banana Foster.md\"> Banana Foster </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"Waco biker shootout - why was noone convicted?.md\"> Waco biker shootout - why was noone convicted? </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"Untitled.md\"> Untitled </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"https/t.me/mbvservers_bot.md\"> mbvservers_bot </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"Docker config.md\"> Docker config </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"01.01 Life Orga/@Life Admin.md\"> @Life Admin </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Three Bodies in Texas - Believer Magazine.md\"> Three Bodies in Texas - Believer Magazine </a>"
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"https/t.me/mbvservers_bot.md\"> mbvservers_bot </a>"
],
"Linked": [
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/What happened to Starbucks How a progressive company lost its way.md\"> What happened to Starbucks How a progressive company lost its way </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/How Putins Oligarchs Bought London.md\"> How Putins Oligarchs Bought London </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Man Behind Ethereum Is Worried About Crypto's Future 1.md\"> The Man Behind Ethereum Is Worried About Crypto's Future 1 </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Welcome To The Vice Age How Sex, Drugs And Gambling Help Americans Cope With Covid.md\"> Welcome To The Vice Age How Sex, Drugs And Gambling Help Americans Cope With Covid </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Sex Pistols Rolling Stone Cover Story on Notorious Punk Band.md\"> Sex Pistols Rolling Stone Cover Story on Notorious Punk Band </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/France and PSG star Jean-Pierre Adams was in a coma for 39 years. His wife never left his side.md\"> France and PSG star Jean-Pierre Adams was in a coma for 39 years. His wife never left his side </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-03-21.md\"> 2022-03-21 </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring Prometheus.md\"> Configuring Prometheus </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/GitHub - inCallerprometheus_bot Telegram bot for prometheus alerting.md\"> GitHub - inCallerprometheus_bot Telegram bot for prometheus alerting </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Prometheus Alertmanager send alerts via Telegram - DPBD90 - Medium.md\"> Prometheus Alertmanager send alerts via Telegram - DPBD90 - Medium </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring Prometheus.md\"> Configuring Prometheus </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/How to Install and Configure Prometheus Alert Manager on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS.md\"> How to Install and Configure Prometheus Alert Manager on Ubuntu 20.04 LTS </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Nurses Have Finally Learned What Theyre Worth.md\"> Nurses Have Finally Learned What Theyre Worth </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Midlife isn't a crisis, but sleep, stress and happiness feel a little different after 35 or whenever middle age actually begins.md\"> Midlife isn't a crisis, but sleep, stress and happiness feel a little different after 35 or whenever middle age actually begins </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Inside a $4-billion family feud.md\"> Inside a $4-billion family feud </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Science of How Alive You Really Are Alan Turing, Trees, and the Wonder of Life.md\"> The Science of How Alive You Really Are Alan Turing, Trees, and the Wonder of Life </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Why it can be sublime to love someone who doesnt love you back.md\"> Why it can be sublime to love someone who doesnt love you back </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/For the West, the Worst Is Yet to Come.md\"> For the West, the Worst Is Yet to Come </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-03-20.md\"> 2022-03-20 </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Why We Listen to Music With Lyrics We Dont Understand.md\"> Why We Listen to Music With Lyrics We Dont Understand </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Server VPN.md\"> Server VPN </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Server Alias.md\"> Server Alias </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring Caddy.md\"> Configuring Caddy </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Server Tools.md\"> Server Tools </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/How The Inca Used Knots To Tell Stories.md\"> How The Inca Used Knots To Tell Stories </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Man Behind Ethereum Is Worried About Crypto's Future.md\"> The Man Behind Ethereum Is Worried About Crypto's Future </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Why We Listen to Music With Lyrics We Dont Understand.md\"> Why We Listen to Music With Lyrics We Dont Understand </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.01 Computer setup/Applications.md\"> Applications </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.01 Computer setup/Applications.md\"> Applications </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.01 Computer setup/Applications.md\"> Applications </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.01 Computer setup/Applications.md\"> Applications </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.01 Computer setup/Storage and Syncing.md\"> Storage and Syncing </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.01 Computer setup/Privacy & Security.md\"> Privacy & Security </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/How to Install Prometheus on Ubuntu 20.04.md\"> How to Install Prometheus on Ubuntu 20.04 </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring Prometheus.md\"> Configuring Prometheus </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-03-19.md\"> 2022-03-19 </a>",
@ -3635,40 +3727,7 @@
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-03-18.md\"> 2022-03-18 </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring Fail2ban.md\"> Configuring Fail2ban </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-03-26 Fiancailles Eloi.md\"> 2022-03-26 Fiancailles Eloi </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"Test task.md\"> Test task </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring Fail2ban.md\"> Configuring Fail2ban </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Server Tools.md\"> Server Tools </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Server Alias.md\"> Server Alias </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Server Cloud.md\"> Server Cloud </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/GitHub - deividgdtfail2ban_telegram_notifications Sending fail2ban notifications using a Telegram bot.md\"> GitHub - deividgdtfail2ban_telegram_notifications Sending fail2ban notifications using a Telegram bot </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring Fail2ban.md\"> Configuring Fail2ban </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring Fail2ban.md\"> Configuring Fail2ban </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/InstallEnable Secure NGINX with Custom Fail2ban Filters - LinuxCapable.md\"> InstallEnable Secure NGINX with Custom Fail2ban Filters - LinuxCapable </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/How To Protect an Apache Server with Fail2Ban on Ubuntu 20.04.md\"> How To Protect an Apache Server with Fail2Ban on Ubuntu 20.04 </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-03-17.md\"> 2022-03-17 </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-03-31 Arrivée de Papa.md\"> 2022-03-31 Arrivée de Papa </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Whats in a Black name 400 years of context..md\"> Whats in a Black name 400 years of context. </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/How to get the excitement back Psyche Guides.md\"> How to get the excitement back Psyche Guides </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/As the West takes aim with Russian sanctions, heres what we know about oligarchs secret finances - ICIJ.md\"> As the West takes aim with Russian sanctions, heres what we know about oligarchs secret finances - ICIJ </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Ukrainian military long on morale but short on weaponry.md\"> Ukrainian military long on morale but short on weaponry </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Terrible Truth So Many Experts Missed About Russia.md\"> The Terrible Truth So Many Experts Missed About Russia </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-03-19 Arrivée Meggi-mo.md\"> 2022-03-19 Arrivée Meggi-mo </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-03-24 Départ de Meggi-mo.md\"> 2022-03-24 Départ de Meggi-mo </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-03-26 Fiancailles Eloi.md\"> 2022-03-26 Fiancailles Eloi </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-03-19 Arrivée Meggi-mo.md\"> 2022-03-19 Arrivée Meggi-mo </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-03-26 Fiancailles Eloi.md\"> 2022-03-26 Fiancailles Eloi </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-03-16.md\"> 2022-03-16 </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/Configuring UFW.md\"> Configuring UFW </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/To Live and Love with a Dying World.md\"> To Live and Love with a Dying World </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Whats the Matter with American Cities.md\"> Whats the Matter with American Cities </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Why Black Women Are Divesting From Excellence & Embracing Mediocrity.md\"> Why Black Women Are Divesting From Excellence & Embracing Mediocrity </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Why Are Letters Shaped the Way They Are.md\"> Why Are Letters Shaped the Way They Are </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/PM to fill out party questionnaire.md\"> PM to fill out party questionnaire </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/XXX-Files Who Torched the Pornhub Palace.md\"> XXX-Files Who Torched the Pornhub Palace </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Putins New Iron Curtain.md\"> Putins New Iron Curtain </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Vladimir Putins Revisionist History of Russia and Ukraine.md\"> Vladimir Putins Revisionist History of Russia and Ukraine </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Will the Bush Dynasty Die With George P. Bush.md\"> Will the Bush Dynasty Die With George P. Bush </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The Great Resignation has morphed into the Great Sabbatical.md\"> The Great Resignation has morphed into the Great Sabbatical </a>"
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"Test task.md\"> Test task </a>"
],
"Removed Tags from": [
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"06.02 Investments/Le Miel de Paris.md\"> Le Miel de Paris </a>",

@ -44872,8 +44872,9 @@ var main6 = createPlugin({
var main_default6 = main6;
// src/calendar.ts
function renderCalendar(containerEl, eventSources, { eventClick, select, modifyEvent, eventMouseEnter }) {
function renderCalendar(containerEl, eventSources, settings) {
const isMobile = window.innerWidth < 500;
const { eventClick, select, modifyEvent, eventMouseEnter } = settings || {};
const modifyEventCallback = modifyEvent && ((_0) => __async(this, [_0], function* ({ event, revert }) {
const success = yield modifyEvent(event);
if (!success) {

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"id": "obsidian-full-calendar",
"name": "Full Calendar",
"version": "0.5.1",
"version": "0.5.2",
"minAppVersion": "0.12.0",
"description": "Obsidian integration with Full Calendar (fullcalendar.io)",
"author": "Davis Haupt",

File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"id": "obsidian-icon-shortcodes",
"name": "Icon Shortcodes",
"version": "0.8.2",
"version": "0.9.2",
"minAppVersion": "0.13.27",
"description": "Insert emoji and custom icons with shortcodes",
"author": "AidenLx",

File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long

@ -49,58 +49,58 @@
{
"title": "[[Selfhosting]], [[Server Cloud|Cloud]]: Upgrader & Health checks",
"time": "2022-05-01",
"rowNumber": 436
"rowNumber": 466
},
{
"title": "[[Server Cloud]]: Backup server",
"time": "2022-09-06",
"rowNumber": 430
"rowNumber": 460
}
],
"05.02 Networks/Server Alias.md": [
{
"title": "[[Selfhosting]], [[Server Alias|Email Alias]]: Upgrader & Health checks",
"time": "2022-03-31",
"rowNumber": 304
"rowNumber": 338
},
{
"title": "[[Server Alias]]: Backup server",
"time": "2022-09-06",
"rowNumber": 306
"rowNumber": 340
}
],
"05.02 Networks/Server Tools.md": [
{
"title": "[[Server Tools]]: Backup server",
"time": "2022-04-05",
"rowNumber": 566
"rowNumber": 577
},
{
"title": "[[Selfhosting]], [[Server Tools|Tools]]: Upgrader Bitwarden & Health checks",
"time": "2022-04-18",
"rowNumber": 573
"rowNumber": 584
},
{
"title": "[[Selfhosting]], [[Server Tools|Tools]]: Upgrader Standard Notes & Health checks",
"time": "2022-05-18",
"rowNumber": 575
"rowNumber": 586
},
{
"title": "[[Selfhosting]], [[Server Tools|Tools]]: Upgrader Gitea & Health checks",
"time": "2022-06-18",
"rowNumber": 571
"rowNumber": 582
}
],
"05.02 Networks/Server VPN.md": [
{
"title": "[[Server VPN]]: Backup server",
"time": "2022-04-05",
"rowNumber": 283
"rowNumber": 287
},
{
"title": "[[Selfhosting]], [[Server VPN|VPN]]: Check VPN state & dashboard",
"time": "2022-06-18",
"rowNumber": 287
"rowNumber": 291
}
],
"04.01 lebv.org/Hosting Tasks.md": [
@ -336,15 +336,15 @@
}
],
"01.02 Home/Household.md": [
{
"title": "[[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection",
"time": "2022-03-22",
"rowNumber": 78
},
{
"title": "[[Household]]: *Paper* recycling collection",
"time": "2022-03-29",
"rowNumber": 72
},
{
"title": "[[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection",
"time": "2022-04-05",
"rowNumber": 78
}
],
"01.03 Family/Pia Bousquié.md": [
@ -522,16 +522,6 @@
"time": "2022-04-30",
"rowNumber": 90
},
{
"title": "11:36 [[@IT & Computer]]: Find a HackerNews reader",
"time": "2022-03-31",
"rowNumber": 91
},
{
"title": "11:39 [[Selfhosting]], [[@News]], [[Server Tools|Tools]]: explore self hosting a RSS reader like [selfoss](https://selfoss.aditu.de)",
"time": "2022-03-31",
"rowNumber": 92
},
{
"title": "11:41 [[Selfhosting]], [[Server Tools|Tools]]: explore self hosting a web automation tool like [huginn](https://github.com/huginn/huginn)",
"time": "2022-04-10",

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"id": "obsidian-sortable",
"name": "Sortable",
"version": "0.2.3",
"version": "0.2.4",
"minAppVersion": "0.12.0",
"description": "Wiki-like table sorting.",
"author": "Alexandru Dinu",

@ -10,7 +10,9 @@
--arrows-up-down: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3C%3Fxml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'%3F%3E%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='21' height='9' viewBox='0 0 21 9'%3E%3Cpath fill='grey' d='M14.5 5l-4 4-4-4zm0-1l-4-4-4 4z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");
}
.markdown-preview-view th {
.markdown-preview-view th,
.table-view-table > thead > tr > th,
.markdown-source-view.mod-cm6 .dataview.table-view-table thead.table-view-thead tr th {
background-image: var(--arrows-up-down);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
background-position: center right;
@ -19,9 +21,9 @@
}
th[sortable-style="sortable-asc"] {
background-image: var(--arrows-up);
background-image: var(--arrows-up) !important;
}
th[sortable-style="sortable-desc"] {
background-image: var(--arrows-down);
}
background-image: var(--arrows-down) !important;
}

File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long

@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
{
"id": "templater-obsidian",
"name": "Templater",
"version": "1.11.3",
"version": "1.12.0",
"description": "Create and use templates",
"minAppVersion": "0.11.13",
"author": "SilentVoid",

@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
"type": "split",
"children": [
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"id": "61a3cfda3a0ace51",
"id": "e5ab2fb7b80dac6f",
"type": "leaf",
"state": {
"type": "markdown",
"state": {
"file": "00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-03-18.md",
"file": "01.02 Home/@Main Dashboard.md",
"mode": "preview",
"source": false
}
@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
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"type": "backlink",
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"collapseAll": false,
"extraContext": false,
"sortOrder": "alphabetical",
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
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"type": "outgoing-link",
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"file": "01.02 Home/@Main Dashboard.md",
"linksCollapsed": false,
"unlinkedCollapsed": false
}
@ -139,21 +139,29 @@
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"05.02 Networks/Server Tools.md",
"05.02 Networks/Configuring Monit.md",
"00.03 News/Ego is the Enemy The Legend of Genghis Khan - Farnam Street.md",
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"00.03 News/The Man Behind Ethereum Is Worried About Crypto's Future 1.md",
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"00.03 News/What happened to Starbucks How a progressive company lost its way.md",
"00.03 News/Welcome To The Vice Age How Sex, Drugs And Gambling Help Americans Cope With Covid.md",
"00.03 News/France and PSG star Jean-Pierre Adams was in a coma for 39 years. His wife never left his side.md",
"00.03 News/Sex Pistols Rolling Stone Cover Story on Notorious Punk Band.md",
"00.03 News/@News.md",
"00.01 Admin/Memos/2022-03-20.md"
]
}

@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ This section does serve for quick memos.
- [x] 07:35 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring Fail2ban]]: look at the filter for the Postfix jail 📅 2022-03-19 ✅ 2022-03-18
- [x] 09:11 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring Caddy]]: debug the log file 📅 2022-03-25 ✅ 2022-03-18
- [ ] 11:34 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring Fail2ban|Fail2ban]], [[Configuring UFW|UFW]]: voir si la liste d'IP peut etre partagee avec [crowdsec](https://crowdsec.net) 📆2022-04-30
- [ ] 11:36 [[@IT & Computer]]: Find a HackerNews reader 📆2022-03-31
- [ ] 11:39 [[Selfhosting]], [[@News]], [[Server Tools|Tools]]: explore self hosting a RSS reader like [selfoss](https://selfoss.aditu.de) 📆2022-03-31
- [x] 11:36 [[@IT & Computer]]: Find a HackerNews reader 📅 2022-03-31 ✅ 2022-03-19
- [x] 11:39 [[Selfhosting]], [[@News]], [[Server Tools|Tools]]: explore self hosting a RSS reader like [selfoss](https://selfoss.aditu.de) 📅 2022-03-31 ✅ 2022-03-19
- [ ] 11:41 [[Selfhosting]], [[Server Tools|Tools]]: explore self hosting a web automation tool like [huginn](https://github.com/huginn/huginn) 📆2022-04-10
- [x] 12:23 [[Selfhosting]], [[Server Tools|Tools]], [[Configuring Caddy|caddy]]: Add Caddy to Prometheus 📅 2022-03-26 ✅ 2022-03-18
- [ ] 15:39 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring Caddy|caddy]]: Mettre en place le monitoring par Prometheus 📆2022-04-03
- [ ] 15:39 [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring Caddy|caddy]]: Mettre en place le monitoring par Prometheus 📅 2022-04-03
- [ ] 22:33 [[Selfhosting]], [[Server Tools|Tools]]: install SN extensions 📆2022-04-03
---

@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ Stress: 40
FrontHeadBar: 5
EarHeadBar: 45
BackHeadBar: 35
Water: 0.25
Coffee: 1
Steps:
Water: 3
Coffee: 3
Steps: 3835
Ski:
Riding:
Racket:

@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
---
Date: 2022-03-20
DocType: Note
Hierarchy:
TimeStamp:
location:
CollapseMetaTable: Yes
Sleep: 8
Happiness: 85
Gratefulness: 85
Stress: 40
FrontHeadBar: 5
EarHeadBar: 45
BackHeadBar: 35
Water: 2.65
Coffee: 1
Steps: 9084
Ski:
Riding:
Racket:
Football:
---
%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
---
[[2022-03-19|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp; [[@Main Dashboard|Back]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp; [[2022-03-21|🗓 Next >>]]
---
&emsp;
```button
name Record today's health
type command
action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
id EditMetaData
```
^button-2022-03-20Edit
```button
name Save
type command
action Save current file
id Save
```
^button-2022-03-20NSave
&emsp;
# 2022-03-20
&emsp;
```ad-abstract
title: Summary
collapse: open
Note Description
```
&emsp;
```toc
style: number
```
&emsp;
---
&emsp;
### Memos
&emsp;
#### Memos
This section does serve for quick memos.
&emsp;
%% ### %%
&emsp;
---
&emsp;
### Notes
&emsp;
Loret ipsum
&emsp;
&emsp;

@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
---
Date: 2022-03-21
DocType: Note
Hierarchy:
TimeStamp:
location:
CollapseMetaTable: Yes
Sleep: 7.5
Happiness: 90
Gratefulness: 90
Stress: 40
FrontHeadBar: 5
EarHeadBar: 45
BackHeadBar: 35
Water: 2.25
Coffee: 4
Steps:
Ski:
Riding:
Racket:
Football:
---
%% Parent:: [[@Life Admin]] %%
---
[[2022-03-20|<< 🗓 Previous ]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp; [[@Main Dashboard|Back]] &emsp; &emsp; &emsp; [[2022-03-22|🗓 Next >>]]
---
&emsp;
```button
name Record today's health
type command
action MetaEdit: Run MetaEdit
id EditMetaData
```
^button-2022-03-21Edit
```button
name Save
type command
action Save current file
id Save
```
^button-2022-03-21NSave
&emsp;
# 2022-03-21
&emsp;
```ad-abstract
title: Summary
collapse: open
Note Description
```
&emsp;
```toc
style: number
```
&emsp;
---
&emsp;
### Memos
&emsp;
#### Memos
This section does serve for quick memos.
&emsp;
%% ### %%
&emsp;
---
&emsp;
### Notes
&emsp;
Loret ipsum
&emsp;
&emsp;

@ -61,11 +61,11 @@ style: number
- [x] <mark style="background:grey">Map</mark>: QuickAdd/getLocation for iOS ✅ 2021-12-11
- [x] <mark style="background:grey">Map</mark>: Map rendering for iOS (Leaflet/Map View) ✅ 2021-12-11
&emsp;
https://github.com/SkepticMystic/email-templates
[wordpress](https://github.com/devbean/obsidian-wordpress)
[GitHub - oleeskild/obsidian-digital-garden](https://github.com/oleeskild/obsidian-digital-garden)
[GitHub - ganesshkumar/obsidian-table-editor: An Obsidian plugin to provide an editor for Markdown tables. It can open CSV data and data from Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, Apple Numbers and LibreOffice Calc as Markdown tables from Obsidian Markdown editor.](https://github.com/ganesshkumar/obsidian-table-editor)
[GitHub - vrtmrz/obsidian-livesync](https://github.com/vrtmrz/obsidian-livesync)
[GitHub - remotely-save/remotely-save](https://github.com/remotely-save/remotely-save)
&emsp;

@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ CollapseMetaTable: Yes
---
Parent:: [[@News|News]]
Read:: No
Read:: [[2022-03-20]]
---

@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
---
dg-publish: true
Alias: [""]
Tag: ["Human", "Football", "Desease"]
Date: 2022-03-21
DocType: "WebClipping"
Hierarchy:
TimeStamp: 2022-03-21
Link: https://www.espn.com/soccer/france-fra/story/4607168/france-and-psg-star-jean-pierre-adams-was-in-a-coma-for-39-years-his-wife-never-left-his-side
location:
CollapseMetaTable: Yes
---
Parent:: [[@News|News]]
Read:: No
---
&emsp;
```button
name Save
type command
action Save current file
id Save
```
^button-JeanPierreAdamswasincomafor39yearsNSave
&emsp;
# France and PSG star Jean-Pierre Adams was in a coma for 39 years. His wife never left his side
**Bernadette Adams remembers** how she felt the first time she and Jean-Pierre danced. She was 24 and he was 19. They met at a local ball in the next town over from hers. She was a rural French girl and he was an African immigrant. They floated across the floor to old-fashioned accordion music like the kind her father used to play in the years between the wars. He had played professionally for a while but gave it up, first for a plow hitch, then a construction job and finally for the furnace of a local factory. The music that night with Jean-Pierre sounded to Bernadette like shaking free, from the prescribed life waiting for her, from taking her place the way her father, and his father, had done. That's what people didn't understand years later when they said she was throwing her life away for Jean-Pierre. They weren't there that first night when those old-timey instruments played. They didn't know there would never have been a life to throw away without him.
Bernadette had no dreams of her own. She can admit that now. Her big plan was to maybe be a hairdresser. Six decades after that dance, most of her siblings live near the house where they grew up. One lives on the same road. Her parents took her out of school at 14 and sent her away for three years to learn how to cook and sew. At 17 she started work in a clothes factory then a radio factory and finally in a store that sold hunting and fishing supplies. Jean-Pierre dreamed big enough for both of them. He wanted to be a professional football player. The first game she ever attended, she arrived late, just in time to see him come out of the locker room with his head bandaged; some opponent had shattered Jean-Pierre's cheekbone jockeying for a ball. An injury couldn't keep him out of the game, which left her in awe. He loved football and she loved him like she'd never loved anything before.
Her brothers and sisters recall clearly the first night he ever came to their small country lane. "One winter, one evening, I can see him!" her sister Yvette says. "He was wearing a long beige overcoat and a cap and he knocked on our door."
"Someone was not happy," her brother François says laughing.
Her father didn't care that Jean-Pierre was Black, but her mother sure did. She made Bernadette choose. Bernadette chose Jean-Pierre. They got married and had Laurent. Jean-Pierre rose level by level in the football world until he found himself a regular member of the French national team and a fierce center-back for Paris Saint-Germain. They went to famous nightclubs. They drank champagne. Their home in the Paris suburbs had a wide balcony. They saw James Brown in Lyon and Aretha Franklin in Paris. They danced. Their lives were filled with music. She can still see Jean-Pierre walking out of record shops with both arms wrapped around his stack of purchases. Frank Sinatra. Lou Rawls. Otis Redding. They watched the sunrise over the south of France. Pastel mornings in Saint-Tropez and Cannes. Her country brothers and brothers-in-law loved going out to clubs with her husband and breathing in the air of his celebrity. Even her mother came around and eventually adored Jean-Pierre.
His career waxed and then waned, sliding back down the league as he'd once climbed it. But that was OK. They moved together into the next phase of life. They bought a sports shop in a quiet little town. He started coaching his son's football team. That's when he hurt his knee. A nagging, relatively minor injury but one he'd need to handle if he wanted to keep running around with kids. He made an appointment at a hospital in Lyon for March 17, 1982.
"It was a Wednesday," she remembers.
At nine in the morning, Jean-Pierre called her and said doctors were on the way to give him the anesthesia. At noon she called the hospital for the first time.
"It should have been over," she thought.
The doctors told her he was still in surgery. She left their sport shop for a lunch break, and in between feeding the kids, she called four more times. Her oldest son, Laurent, started to worry. She calmed him down and took him to football practice and then returned to the store. After reopening around 2 p.m., she called again.
"Something happened," a staff member explained. "We will give you to the doctor and he will explain."
Fred, the 5-year-old, saw her face change.
"What's wrong?" he asked.
"Nothing, nothing," she said.
Finally she heard a doctor's voice.
"It's very serious," he told her flatly. "You have to come right away."
---
**It's 39 years** later, and winter has arrived with blowing winds in the south of France. Bernadette Adams is a recent widow. Jean-Pierre died in September. She sits alone in her suburban home. Jean-Pierre's hospital bed was loaded the day before yesterday in Marseille on a cargo ship bound for western Africa. A charity there needed it. Little tasks are how she stitches hours into a day. Right now she's preparing for a long-awaited trip to Paris, where her husband's former professional soccer club, PSG, is planning to honor his memory. She has three days to pack.
She hasn't been to Paris in forever and stands up to go find photographs from that old life of dancing and champagne. Soon she returns with a weathered Air France attaché case, left over from a time when she could just hop an Air France flight. She smiles when she unzips it and lets the photographs spill out onto the table.
One shows Jean-Pierre as a young child, being held by Pope Pius XII. His deeply Catholic grandmother brought him to France, to the healing waters of Lourdes, to meet the head of their faith. She fought her way through the crowd and somehow got an audience. They were close enough to touch the hem of his vestments. The pontiff picked up Jean-Pierre, held him in his holy arms, and blessed him. His grandmother decided that he'd have a better future in Europe than in Africa, so she gave him to the nuns who ran a nearby convent school. She flew back to Senegal without him and he made his way in the world, abandoned by his family, adopted as a teen, then made whole when he met Bernadette.
Another warm smile crosses her face as she holds a photograph of a fun, boozy dinner in Nice, at a restaurant owned by a friend. The owner is eating with them. So is their youngest son's godfather. The waiters and waitresses wear roller skates. A silly, joyous place. Plates of food cover the table, punctuated by glasses and bottles of wine. They all look happy, smiling for the camera. Everybody loved a big night with Jean-Pierre and Bernadette. He was formidable, because of his physical size and the size of his aura. He'd destroy anyone making a run on goal and then outdrink them after.
![](https://a.espncdn.com/photo/2022/0308/r983664_1296x864_3-2.jpg)
The radio in her main living room plays old French love songs. Outside the sun moves slowly across the sky above her house, ducking in and out of the clouds. The house goes from light to dark to light again. She keeps dropping pictures on the table, a pile growing like leaves from a winter tree, Jean-Pierre and his teammates in a bar, Jean-Pierre playing on the floor with their sons, all of them dancing, Jean-Pierre in a beret, Jean-Pierre in a wide-collar open shirt blowing a kiss to her. In one of them, which makes her linger a bit, Jean-Pierre looks directly into the camera while their young son, Laurent, stares up at his father in awe.
"I could look at these pictures for hours," she says.
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Her house feels like a shrine to the good years between the night they met and the day he went to Lyon to have routine surgery. She's got her father's accordion stored away, just as she's got Jean-Pierre's record player closed on a shelf across the room. His record collection is put away, too.
"This is the end of dancing," she says.
There isn't a single picture of Jean-Pierre after his accident. That's what she calls it. The Accident.
She looks at a photo of a football team, arm-in-arm before a match. Even all these years later she can reel off the names: Trésor, Bereta, Huck, Floch, Grava, Stefan Kovács the coach.
"How many of these people ever came to visit after the accident?"
She looks down and her voice changes.
"One," she says.
There's the roller-skating restaurant in Nice again, with the same table of friends and their child's godfather. She looks at each face.
"How many of them came to visit?"
"None," she says.
It's hard to know what's real sometimes: the love shown in the photographs, or the abandonment after. Flipping through her old life, the mood in the room changing with the light, she finds another soccer team, once brothers in arms, all young and strong. None of them visited, either.
---
**Bernadette hung up** with the doctor that day. She looked around their shop, which she'd soon have to sell. Her parents rushed to be there for Laurent when football practice ended. The neighbors looked after Fred. Two football executives insisted on driving her to the hospital in Lyon. When she arrived the doctors told her to wait. Finally they ushered her into a room.
She saw Jean-Pierre lying on a bed, packed in ice, plugs running out of his mouth and arms. He couldn't speak. His eyes would open but otherwise there was little sign of brain activity. She started asking questions immediately, and the more she asked, the less information the doctors and staff seemed to have.
"We don't know what happened," they told her.
That didn't make sense. How did a healthy athlete go in for minor elective surgery and end up brain-dead? She got no answers, no guidance, and in the absence of information, she chose to believe in the most powerful thing she'd ever experienced: her love for Jean-Pierre.
She sat with him. She talked to him about the kids. She brought his big boxer, Ludo, hoping the dog might stir his consciousness. She made a recording of Ludo barking to play for him. His closest teammate, Jacky Vergnes, came, too. He remembers clearly her almost yelling at her husband, "You WILL come back! You WILL come back!" then wheeling around to Jacky and yelling, "He WILL come back!"
At first, Jacky talked to Jean-Pierre, too. Sometimes Jean-Pierre's eyes would move. Jacky would clap and Jean-Pierre would jump. Maybe he might wake up soon. Jacky sat by his bed and recounted great goals and close games. "The medical people I talked to said that he could hear us, but they didn't know if he could understand," he says. "Or maybe he could understand us but he couldn't communicate with us."
The hospital transferred Jean-Pierre after two months to another facility, far from Bernadette's home. She could only visit on Sundays. Every night she called. She always believed that the next call, the next morning, might bring different news. Each time the doctor reported nothing had changed. One night the doctor blurted out what all the medical experts believed but, until now, couldn't bring themselves to say.
"You know," he said, "his condition won't get better."
Jean-Pierre not only didn't improve but he kept getting worse, little by little. Soon he couldn't breathe on his own. He lost 24 pounds in a month. The doctors started feeding him with a tube. Bernadette believed they were counting the days until he died and his bed freed up. She demanded the doctors remove the feeding tube and she patiently spooned him bite after bite of yogurt. She started working on a little twirling motion to get him to swallow since he still had no voluntary muscle control.
She got him transferred to a different facility, closer to her home. Now she went to see him twice a day, at lunch and before supper. He kept declining. During one visit, the sun bright and warm, she decided to move him closer to the window. When she peeled back the sheet, she saw a huge, dirty bandage.
"Oh," the nurse told her, "he has a bedsore. We forgot to tell you."
Now she can look back and recognize this moment as the point of no return. She felt such anger at this woman, such helplessness, that a desperate idea began to take shape. Other people passing through the medical machine whispered to her that these rehab facilities were where discarded humans were sent to die. As she tried to figure out another way, she got a letter from the French government. Although the football community would continue its generous support, the government would no longer pay for his hospital stay.
On June 13, 1983, Bernadette Adams took Jean-Pierre home.
Before she left, a nurse told her, "You can bring him back."
"Definitely not," she said.
Jacky marveled at Bernadette's belief, because when he looked at his friend, he saw a dying man. He even began to think that death might be a mercy. Over time, he came to hold that belief as gospel. Bernadette looked at the shrinking man in the bed and considered what might be again while Jacky more and more couldn't escape thoughts of what had been lost forever. It was a small fissure, but it spread. During one visit he looked at his frail, comatose friend and something broke. Wherever Bernadette was going, he would not follow.
"My eyes," he told her, "have seen him for the last time."
Jacky kept his promise.
---
**He lives now** in a little resort town in southern France, where he bought a small hotel when his football career ended. The ocean rolls up through marshy grass. The town is surrounded by castle walls and he lives upstairs on a quaint dogleg street.
"Thirty-nine years," he says.
His voice cracks. This pain remains fresh and he gets lost for a moment and repeats the number. A lifetime of bouncing soccer balls off his head has left Jacky a little foggy, and so sitting in his living room he sometimes just sort of vanishes.
"Thirty-nine years ... 39 ... 39 years ... 39 ...," he says.
He looks up at his wife, who is hovering.
"I wanted Jean-Pierre's death," he says. "I wanted his death."
"Everyone went through different emotions," his wife says. "And even now, when he talks about it, he's very upset."
"Personally," he says, "I was not in favor for him to stay in our world."
There's a bottle of Ricard in his home bar, and when he pours a glass, at home or out with friends, he toasts his friend Jean-Pierre, the same friend he stopped going to visit. It's complicated. Once he got in a fight with Bernadette over the telephone. He told her Jean-Pierre would be better off dead.
"How dare you say that?" she asked.
"I say it because I see it," he told her.
He turns to his visitors and is serious.
"She was mad at me obviously," he says. "But Jean-Pierre was my brother, so my heart spoke. She was very offended. I want to say that in my mind Jean-Pierre would be better up there, playing football with the good Lord or with the apostles."
Bernadette used to put more trust in God. A few years after the accident, she had Jean-Pierre loaded on a special train and taken back to the miraculous healing waters of Lourdes, where he came all those years before with his grandmother. Every day the nuns lowered him into the water, with doctors overseeing the whole thing. Nothing changed. When Jean-Pierre came home from Lourdes, Jacky gave up the last of his hope that anything would ever change. The Lord had his reasons for not healing Jean-Pierre and for Jacky, that was enough. He made his choice, a way of understanding something as senseless as Jean-Pierre's accident.
"Accident? It was murder!" he says.
Bernadette couldn't see it that way. Couldn't make it make sense, even in the hands of God.
"I wonder," she says. "I ask myself questions."
"What do you think happens to us when we die?" she's asked.
She sits in her chair, still surrounded by photographs and the music coming from the radio, and her voice gets fragile for the first time.
"I don't know," she says at last.
It's a brutal thing to admit, and to force someone to admit, and there's a lingering feeling of pain in the room. She has lost even the ability to believe that life has a meaning, and that we will see the people whom we love again. The constant noise in her house -- often a television and a radio at the same time -- usually holds such thoughts at bay. She keeps talking, a translator relaying her words, until in the middle of an answer she stands up suddenly. She walks a few steps to the radio and turns up the volume. Now she sits back down, looking into the distance, singing along. It's an old love song called "Die Next to My Love."
"This is the song I want to play when I will be put underground with Jean-Pierre," she says.
She starts to cry and seems ashamed of her weakness.
"This always makes me cry," she explains. "It will pass."
Nobody speaks. Her anxiety starts to rise. She needs to make sure everyone knows to play this song at her funeral.
"I have to tell my kids," she says. "I told the chiropractor, but I have to tell them."
She stops talking again, listening to the song, rubbing her thumb on her ring finger, then her pointer, then her middle finger, looking at the radio and then out the window as the light changes from light to dark and back again.
---
**When they left** the hospital in 1983, she called their home The House of the Beautiful Sleeping Athlete. She fed him five meals a day, cooking vegetables and meat and blending them into a mush. Every bite she carefully fed him with a spoon. Meals took hours. Each one faded into the next. Sometimes he'd just cough all the food out. Once he coughed so hard he broke a tooth. Then his teeth started falling out. She got them fixed. She persevered. Slowly she trained his muscles to work with her. A little dance, with just the right amount of spoon twirl. He began to put on weight. There were no tubes, no wires, no machines.
She and a helper got him into a wheelchair. He wore diapers. When she didn't have assistants, the boys helped. At first she got his torso and let her sons take the legs but as they got stronger, those roles reversed. She bathed him and talked doctors and therapists through his needs. Seven days a week.
The kids learned to talk to him, to watch football games with him. Every year they got him a cake on his birthday. The kids blew out his candles and the whole family sang. They wrapped presents and then unwrapped them. Everyone always got him the same thing, the only thing he needed: the long-sleeved T-shirts he wore all day. His closet remained trapped in amber, full of 1970s clothes he once wore around Parisian nightclubs.
Bernadette stopped celebrating their wedding anniversary after 1982.
![](https://a.espncdn.com/photo/2022/0308/r983670_1296x864_3-2.jpg)
Somewhere along the way, she stopped eating dinner, too. She rarely attended her children's events, leaving them to basically raise themselves. Resentments built. Fred's judo opponents learned to be careful on the rare occasions she did attend, because he took to the competition mat with fury. Friends slipped away from her.
One afternoon a week, as long as Jean-Pierre felt good, she went to a local dance. For just a few hours, she got to be an anonymous person, to commune with her former self. She even had three boyfriends over the years, all of whom she met dancing.
"Did you tell Jean-Pierre?"
"Oui, oui," she says.
Her siblings think none of these men could stand the knowledge that she'd never look at any of them like she looked at the beautiful, sleeping athlete in his hospital bed.
"She managed to escape, to go dance," Yvette says. "The first one was Gérard. By the by, he's trying to come back!"
"I saw him at the funeral," François says.
"Then there was Roger," Chantal says.
"... and André," Yvette says.
"Which was the good one?"
"Roger!" they all say together.
In the end her schedule came first.
"You and your schedule," one of them sniffed.
"She was strict about something: this is my house, not yours," Yvette says. "She didn't want her friends to let themselves in her life with Jean-Pierre. It was always Jean-Pierre first."
She always treated Jean-Pierre like he could hear and had feelings about what he heard. As she prepared his steak, which she'd then cut into tiny pieces and blend with the vegetables, she'd ask him how he'd like it cooked. That he never answered didn't matter. For her, asking the questions was the defiant act of living and if she believed enough, one day he'd answer.
"I went through every emotion, but I never lost hope," she says. "Never. Never."
All the things they once fought about slipped away. He became perfect to her. Beatific even. When he woke up, they'd have the perfect life. She knew people talked behind her back. Asking why she didn't just put him in a home or let him die. "What was I supposed to do?" she says now, her voice rising. "A shot and good riddance? He needs me to eat, to drink, to be dressed. To abandon him was out of the question."
Her youngest son, Fred, secretly hoped she'd find a way to have a new life of her own but respected her too much to ever say that out loud. Her brothers and sisters worried it was becoming impossible to see where her duty to him ended and her own being began, that she'd tied herself to a sinking boulder.
"She embroidered her life around him," Yvette says.
---
**What did he know?**
Did he remember Paris and the champagne evenings? Did he remember chopping down strikers who made runs on his goal? Did he remember Bernadette and the accordion music?
"My dad could feel my mum's presence," Fred Adams says. "I could see it."
He recognized her smell. She and her kids say he'd visibly sniff when she came into the room wearing her perfume. They're certain about this.
"He liked my perfume," she says.
He had good days and bad days. He felt happy and sad. The seasons mattered to him. He liked summer the best. Music relaxed him. When other people sat with him to give Bernadette a break, he got agitated.
"He was there!" Laurent Adams says. "We developed another way of communication."
"He would cry sometimes," Bernadette says. "We could see on his face that he was sad. Was he seeing himself? I don't know."
She tried acupuncture. She took him to see spiritual healers and to Catholic priests. A decade ago she brought in another doctor, named Frédéric Pellas, to run more modern tests than had been available when his coma began. They injected him with dye and scanned his brain. They hooked him up to machines.
"At the hospital, the encephalogram was never flat," she says. "There was always some kind of a brain activity. So to me it meant that one day maybe..."
She cherry-picked information. Often her description of the situation at home appeared more rosy than her siblings' view. Friends and family say they believed, but it is hard to tell if they truly held out hope or if they felt like her sacrifice required their support. In the end, what's the difference?
Dr. Pellas chooses his words kindly.
The first test they did was a classic brain scan.
"I had rarely seen so many lesions in a brain," he says.
Then he did a functional imaging exam. Radioactive liquid is injected to see if parts of the brain lit up when stimulated.
"In Jean-Pierre's case," he says, "this examination did not show any activity translating a minimum perception of consciousness."
The final test was to hook him up to equipment that would measure any activity in the brain after sounds, images or touches, which can tell a doctor if the patient can detect a stimulus, even in a diminished capacity. "In all these examinations," he says, "no level of consciousness, even minimal, was detected."
He knows what he's saying. Bernadette lived her whole life believing that one day Jean-Pierre might awake, and she found examples in other people to justify that faith, but Dr. Pellas says her faith was just a way of getting through the day. After having lost so much of it, after having had it ripped from her, she believed in herself and in their love. This new doctor had knowledge and learning, but so did those doctors in Lyon. Dr. Pellas understands all of this.
"Was there any hope for improvement?" he says. "No, there was not."
His scientific clarity, given to him by years of study and practice, provides much the same comfort that an afterlife gives Jacky and once gave Bernadette. He knew things she can never know, yes, but might the opposite also be true? Stripped of religion and science, Bernadette Adams lived a life of isolation and service. You can probably count on one hand the number of people on the planet who really understand the road she's walked for the past 39 years. In her presence the vapor trails of that journey are palpable, like you're talking to an astronaut, or a veteran with years of hard combat time: someone who has seen a frontier the rest of us can only imagine. All cultures have a tradition, mostly forgotten by the modern world, that speaks of a hidden knowledge. What if Bernadette Adams, a French farm girl with an eighth-grade education, had come to possess that rare knowledge? She *had* been forced to peer down into the darkness. The students of religion told her Jean-Pierre would be better off dead. The students of science told her he was already dead. She believed she knew more than either, that there were third planes, worlds of shadow between light and dark. She settled on the only belief system that made sense: hope. Hope was the secret to going on, to putting one foot in front of the other, which made it something like the secret of life.
She believed he was alive and therefore, in her house, he was.
---
**Marius Trésor is** a famous man in France, and when he walks into the chateau-turned-office of his old club in Bordeaux, he is treated like visiting royalty. The secretary hugs him and brings coffee to Marius and his guests. Together he and Jean-Pierre were a stalwart defensive tandem at the back for the French national team. He does the same thing as Jacky, just losing the thread of the conversation and repeating the same words over and over.
"Thirty-nine years ... 39 years ... 39 years ... " he says.
They met for the first time on the pitch in a league game. He remembers it clearly. The second-to-last game of the season. It was May. They both chased a deep ball and ran side-by-side to try to catch it. One of Marius' teammates yelled for him to chop Jean-Pierre down with a hard tackle. When the play ended, Jean-Pierre turned to the teammate and used this beautiful French phrase, "We don't eat that kind of bread," which means neither he nor Marius wanted any part of cheap shot. They became brothers after that.
"He loved playing cards," Trésor says. "He loved playing tarot. Me too. It was at La Voisine, the castle belonged to Ricard. When we would play in Paris, whenever we would be finished, we would go dance. He loved it! Me, too."
He loved his friend. They spent years together before the accident.
"I never went to see Jean-Pierre," Marius says.
He understands the shame of that.
"I always wanted to keep the image I had of Jean-Pierre alive," he says. "So I didn't want to ruin those memories."
Bernadette put on a good face but reports made their way back to Marius.
"I was 5-11 and 181 pounds and Jean-Pierre was 5-10 and 185 pounds," he says. "A journalist once came to do an interview about Jean-Pierre. I gave her Bernadette's number and she went to see her. She called me afterward and she told me that, 'I saw someone who was not more than 110 pounds.' It was about three years ago. So ... no ..."
Tears start to well in his eyes and he fights them back.
"These were hard moments," he says.
Two years ago, his old club threw a party for him. The folks at Bordeaux wanted to surprise him, so they brought in Bernadette, who brought one of her grandsons. Marius didn't know. It was January 2, 2020, and they saw each other across the room.
"We simply fell into each other arms," he says. "It was hard to say one word."
She introduced her grandson, Noah, and the boy wanted to know stories about what his Papy was like in the times before the accident. This brought Marius great joy to remember, and he regaled the boy. He told him that any attacker who made it to his position, after fighting their way through Jean-Pierre, would inevitably be a shell of a man. His Papy was fierce. The boy loved these stories.
Marius and Bernadette finally spoke. She asked him again to come visit his old friend. He said that he would make the time. Neither of them knew then that the coronavirus would lock down the country.
"He promised he would finally come," she says. "He never came."
---
**All these years** she searched for answers. The doctors in Lyon insisted they had no idea what had gone wrong. One of those freak things, they said. It happens to a tiny percentage of patients. But Bernadette wouldn't accept that answer. The family was, understandably, suspicious of the entire medical-industrial complex. She'd take Jean-Pierre to doctors for checkups and always refused to leave the room. Her own children didn't trust the doctors, either. When Laurent had surgery on his Achilles, he refused the general anesthesia.
So Bernadette hired a lawyer with no proof, no case, just a suspicion.
"Are you sure something happened?" the attorney asked.
"Yes," she told him.
He agreed to take her case but warned her the odds seemed long.
"I'm not sure we will win."
The French Football Federation hired a lawyer, too, and for the next decade these men fought the hospital. Hearing after hearing, discovery after discovery, the truth came out.
The hospital staff in Lyon had been on strike.
The doctors should have postponed all elective procedures but did not.
The anesthesiologist, because of the strike, sedated eight patients alone.
One doctor monitored everyone in two rooms.
A single nurse monitored Jean-Pierre. She was an intern and such a poor student she'd been forced to repeat parts of her medical training.
It took more than a decade, but Bernadette's lawyers made the hospital admit that the anesthesiologist intubated him improperly. The mistake accidentally cut off his supply of oxygen, and the two doctors and one nurse never noticed. In the criminal case, only the anesthesiologist and the nurse received any punishment: one month in jail, suspended, and a modest fine. They got to continue their careers. When French journalists tracked the anesthesiologist down in Paris, she said, "I don't want to hear about this story anymore."
Bernadette's legal battle was over and, although it took 12 years, she received enough money in the verdict to take care of Jean-Pierre forever. She got to hire some extra help to make her life just a little easier, but she also lost the clarifying purpose of her legal fight. The person she saw in the mirror was a middle-aged woman, with one kid out of the house and another soon to leave, with a husband who wouldn't wake up.
"Until my death," she says, "I will be angry."
She cooked his vegetables and mixed in the meat. She moved to four meals a day. Except for a few gray hairs, he didn't seem to age. His daily life stayed the same. She, however, did not stay the same. She's been abandoned and let down by so many people she came to only truly rely on herself. Everybody else proved themselves, in large and small ways, somehow unworthy. "She was very edgy all the time," her sister Yvette says. "The women who helped her, she couldn't stand them. She became very demanding."
The local nurses didn't like her, either. She developed a bad reputation in their community. When the pandemic hit, getting help became even harder. Fred lived nearby and he helped. Laurent once lived next door but he'd moved to the island of Corsica. Mostly Bernadette managed on her own. Maybe that is why she didn't notice the small bedsore at first. It's hard to know. The mattress had gotten a little worn, and doctors will tell you, it's nearly impossible to keep patients like Jean-Pierre from developing pressure sores.
She asked Fred to call the doctor, who patiently explained that none of the nurses wanted to come help her. So many people had let her down that when she needed someone, she found she'd pushed them all away. The past 39 years taught her that nobody else could be trusted with Jean-Pierre, and that lesson now threatened her ability to keep him alive. Bernadette started crying and yelling and threatening, after all these years, to leave and run.
"She was at the end of her tether," Yvette says.
---
**What did she know?**
There must be something. The betrayals she endured were cosmic, pain acute enough to destroy faith in people, in institutions, in civilization, in science, even in God. A teaching pain. The only things that mattered were the promises you made to other people, and whether you kept them or not. Every other test of morality was a lie. You are defined by how you keep the promises you make and so Bernadette Adams did not run, or keep crying and yelling and threatening. She stayed.
"I respected my vows until the end," she says.
She just went back to work, trying to fight the bedsore, feeding him four meals a day, each one down to a half-hour now, them working in concert at last. The bedsore did not heal. Infection set in. Word spread among their old friends that the end was near.
"Finally," Jacky Vergnes thought.
"Finally," Marius Trésor thought, "he is free."
His last six days were in a hospital, but she never left his side, except when she wasn't allowed to watch the nurses beat the mucus out of his lungs. She came into the room after the last attempt, and as she held and encouraged him, Jean-Pierre Adams died in her arms.
---
**She didn't do** anything the day after he died. The past 39 years had been a series of tasks, repeated hour by hour, day after day, and now all that just stopped. She told her children she didn't know what to do in her own house. It felt foreign. She tried to find her footing and a purpose. Tasks still mattered to her. They organized her day and protected her from her thoughts. Before the funeral she got all his medical equipment moved out of the house and shut the door to their old room. She looked back and remembered.
"I think I had a beautiful life," she says.
The funeral arrived. She dressed Jean-Pierre in a long sleeved T-shirt for his casket. Friends and family started to make their way south following the highways and railroad lines to her little town. Her children made sure to play a James Brown song. The priest told the mourners that nothing in the world of God is ever completely clear, but those words floated somewhere above Bernadette.
"The few hours I spent with her, I met her at church," Trésor says. "I drove there. I met her but it was almost like she was not there. When you dedicate 39 years to take care of someone, and overnight you are left alone, it is hard to admit. She spent 39 years taking care of Jean-Pierre ... I told that to my wife, 'If something like that happens to me? Let me go.' I think for Bernadette and her kids, too, it is a deliverance. But she doesn't see it that way. Because she took so much care of Jean-Pierre and now there is something missing."
The reporters who covered the funeral all wanted to interview Trésor, the most famous man there, and he simply pointed toward Bernadette and said, "if you want to know what true love is ..."
He said his goodbyes. Bernadette seemed somewhere far away, like she'd died, too.
"She seemed disoriented," Trésor says. "She kept saying, "What am I gonna do now?"
After the funeral the French national team held a minute of applause before their next game, and she sat in front of a television with her youngest son and let memories come back, many of them warm and happy, but tempered by the regret that Jean-Pierre wasn't here to feel all the love. She finds it upsetting to be around people now, to try to rejoin the world after 39 years of solitude. Her children are already looking toward next year, when they can try to help her find a new way of being, but for now she moves uncomfortably around her house, avoiding his old room, visiting the cemetery every day. She takes flowers and talks to him like he's still there. She calls him by her pet name for him. *Ma Biche*. She asks how he's feeling. She tells him about her life now that he's gone. Sometimes she looks at the fresh rise of dirt, still waiting for the marker she has designed, and asks, "Why did you leave me?"
---
**The night before** she went to Paris, her oldest son, Laurent, got into town with his partner and son. They all sat around the table, the house blessedly loud and alive with people. When they get together, eventually it always becomes 1982 again.
"It was 2 p.m.," Laurent says, "in the courtyard of Saint-Dominique School."
"I don't think you were at school," Bernadette says, "you were at football practice."
"No," he says. "I was at school, it was 1:45 p.m. Just before school. I knew that something happened because my grandparents were at home. Mémère and Pépère drove me to school and they told me in the car."
"I don't have the same version," Bernadette says. "It was a Wednesday and you were at football practice."
"No ..." he says.
"... And I had Fred at the store," she says.
They are forever comparing memories, which never quite align. It's like each of them has experienced a pain so raw it can't be shared. They've all walked parallel but separate paths away from that hospital in Lyon.
"I remember the place, at school, next to the tree," he says. "Before going back to classes. You were not there. They told me in the car, 'Something happened to Daddy.'"
"It was March 17th, 1982," she says.
"No!" he exclaims. "You knew it on the 17th but I didn't learn it right away. It was hidden. You asked Pépère and Mémère not to tell us. We didn't learn the day of the accident."
The subject soon gets changed to the trip they're going on tomorrow, Laurent and his wife by plane, his son Lenny and Bernadette by train. Lenny has never been to see PSG play live.
"It's my favorite team," he says with a glow.
---
**At the station** she learns the team sent her and her grandson economy train tickets. Of course they have no way of knowing what a single game might mean to a woman like her. But what if this whole trip only managed to make Jean-Pierre feel further away? She might arrive and just be a name on a list, a barcode on a ticket.
The train pulls into Gare de Lyon, track 21, in the city where she lived a lifetime ago. The memories start coming as she walks through the station, surrounded by men in fedoras and flat caps, travelers in French navy coats and overcoats, people pushing strollers and walking dogs. The air smells like baking bread. She is dressed for the city: leather pants, silver sneakers, armor against the nerves she'd been feeling all day. What if nobody remembers him? She finds a taxi and heads to the hotel. She changes into something nicer and goes to the game.
A staffer meets them at the stadium door, and her fears about being made to feel small are soon gone. The owner of PSG rolls out the hospitality, spending time with Bernadette and her grandson, making sure they have great seats and a full tour. He presents her with a jersey bearing Jean-Pierre's name and number. After the game, the great Kylian Mbappé comes to meet her grandson, to pass along the condolences of the club and pose for pictures. The owner tells her warmly that she and her family are always welcome. This big glowing stadium will always be a home. Bernadette floats back out into the night, everyone bundled against a cold rain, and she is happy.
She gets to her hotel and slips on the jersey she'd been given, the one with Adams on the back, and falls asleep. Outside the hotel window, the city keeps moving, neon lights and taxi stands, the temperature steadily dropping and a December snow moving in. A journey from a crowded train station to an empty house lies ahead, an empty bedroom and a closet full of faded party clothes.
Soon it will be morning.
&emsp;
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---
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dg-publish: true
Alias: [""]
Tag: ["Economy", "Russia", "London"]
Date: 2022-03-21
DocType: "WebClipping"
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TimeStamp: 2022-03-21
Link: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/03/28/how-putins-oligarchs-bought-london
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&emsp;
```button
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^button-HowPutinOligarchsBoughtLondonNSave
&emsp;
# How Putins Oligarchs Bought London
Roman Abramovich was thirty-four years old—baby-faced, vigorous, already one of Russias richest oligarchs—when he did something seemingly inexplicable. The year was 2000. Abramovich, an orphan and a college dropout turned Kremlin insider, had amassed a giant fortune by taking control of businesses that once belonged to the Soviet state. He owned nearly half of the oil company Sibneft, and much of the worlds second-biggest producer of aluminum. A man of cosmopolitan tastes, he favored Chinese cuisine and holidays in the South of France. But now, he announced, he was going to relocate to the remote Chukotka region, a desolate Arctic hellscape, where he would run for governor.
Chukotka, which is some thirty-seven hundred miles from Moscow, is comically inhospitable. The winds are fierce enough to blow a grown dog off its feet. When Abramovich arrived, the human population was meagre, and struggling with poverty and alcoholism. After he was elected governor—he got ninety-two per cent of the vote, his closest challenger being a local man who herded reindeer—he was confronted with the baying of his new constituents: “When will we have fuel? When will we have meat?” There was no Chinese food in Chukotka.
“People here dont live, they just exist,” Abramovich marvelled. Shy by nature, he was not a natural politician. He pumped plenty of his own money into the region, but appeared to derive no pleasure from his new job. Nor could he explain, to anyones satisfaction, what he was doing there. When a reporter from the *Wall Street Journal* trekked to Chukotka to pose the question, Abramovich claimed that he was “fed up” with making money. The *Journal* speculated that he was working an angle—did he have a lead on some untapped natural resource beneath the tundra? Abramovich acknowledged that his own friends “cant understand” why he made this move. They “cant even guess,” he said.
Three years after gaining his governorship, Abramovich leapt from wealthy obscurity to tabloid prominence when he bought Londons Chelsea Football Club. In 2009, he settled into a fifteen-bedroom mansion behind Kensington Palace, for which he reportedly paid ninety million pounds. His mega-yacht Eclipse featured two helipads and its own missile-defense system, and he took to hosting New Years Eve parties with guests like Leonardo DiCaprio and Paul McCartney. It was a long way from Chukotka. Indeed, that unlikely interlude seemed mostly forgotten, until the publication of “Putins People: How the KGB Took Back Russia and Then Took on the West” (2020), a landmark work of investigative journalism by the longtime Russia correspondent Catherine Belton. Her thesis is that, after becoming the President of Russia, in 2000, Vladimir Putin proceeded to run the state and its economy like a Mafia don—and that he did so through the careful control of ostensibly independent businessmen like Roman Abramovich.
When Abramovich went to Chukotka, Belton tells us, he did so “on Putins orders.” The first generation of post-Soviet capitalists had accumulated vast private fortunes, and Putin set out to bring the oligarchs under state control. He had leverage over government officials, so he forced Abramovich to become one. “Putin told me that if Abramovich breaks the law as governor, he can put him immediately in jail,” one Abramovich associate told Belton. A “feudal system” was beginning to emerge, Belton contends, in which the owners of Russias biggest companies would be forced to “operate as hired managers, working on behalf of the state.” Their gaudy displays of personal wealth were a diversion; these oligarchs were mere capos, who answered to the don. It wasnt even *their* wealth, really: it was Putins. They were “no more than the guardians,” Belton writes, and “they kept their businesses by the Kremlins grace.”
Belton even makes the case—on the basis of what she was told by the former Putin ally Sergei Pugachev and two unnamed sources—that Abramovichs purchase of the Chelsea Football Club was carried out on Putins orders. “Putins Kremlin had accurately calculated that the way to gain acceptance in British society was through the countrys greatest love, its national sport,” she writes. Pugachev informs her that the objective was to build “a beachhead for Russian influence in the UK.” He adds, “Putin personally told me of his plan to acquire the Chelsea Football Club in order to increase his influence and raise Russias profile, not only with the elite but with ordinary British people.”
The stark implication of “Putins People” is not just that the President of Russia may be a silent partner in one of Englands most storied sports franchises but also that England itself has been a silent and handsomely compensated partner in Putins kleptocratic designs—that, in the past two decades, Russian oligarchs have infiltrated Englands political, economic, and legal systems. “We must go after the oligarchs,” Prime Minister Boris Johnson declared after the invasion of Ukraine, doing his best to sound Churchillian. But, as the international community labors to isolate Putin and his cronies, the question is whether England has been too compromised by Russian money to do so.
For the past several years, Oliver Bullough, a former Russia correspondent, has guided “kleptocracy tours” around London, explaining how dirty money from abroad has transformed the city. Bullough shows up with a busload of rubberneckers in front of elegant mansions and steel-and-glass apartment towers in Knightsbridge and Belgravia, and points out the multimillion-pound residences of the shady expatriates who find refuge there. His book “Butler to the World: How Britain Became the Servant of Oligarchs, Tax Dodgers, Kleptocrats, and Criminals,” just published in the U.K., argues that England actively solicited such corrupting influences, by letting “some of the worst people in existence” know that it was open for business.
Invoking Dean Achesons famous observation, in 1962, that Britain had “lost an empire but not yet found a role,” Bullough suggests that it did find a role, as a no-questions-asked service provider to the crooked élite, offering access to capital markets, prime real estate, shopping at Harrods, and illustrious private schools, along with accountants for tax tricks, attorneys for legal squabbles, and “reputation managers” for inconvenient backstories. It starts with visas; any foreigner with adequate funds can buy one, by investing two million pounds in the U.K. (Ten million can buy you permanent residency.)
London property is always an option for such investments. After King Constantine II was ousted in the wake of a military coup in Greece, in 1967, he moved into a mansion overlooking Hampstead Heath; ever since, global plutocrats have sought safe harbor in the citys leafy precincts. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian buyers raced into Londons housing market. One real-estate agent described his Russian clients “gleefully plonking saddlebags of cash on the desk.” According to new figures from Transparency International, Russians who have been accused of corruption or of having links to the Kremlin have bought at least 1.5 billion pounds worth of property in Great Britain. The real number is no doubt higher, but it is virtually impossible to ascertain, because so many of these transactions are obscured by layers of secrecy. *The Economist* describes London as “a slop-bucket for dodgy Russian wealth.”
Bullough has made a careful study of this process. In an earlier book, “Moneyland: Why Thieves and Crooks Now Rule the World and How to Take It Back” (2018), he explained that, for moneyed arrivistes in the U.K., a glamorous new home is the first step on a well-established pathway for laundering reputations. Next up: hire a P.R. firm. “The PR agency puts them in touch with biddable members of parliament,” Bullough says, “who are prepared to put their names to the billionaires charitable foundation. The foundation then launches itself at a fashionable London event space—a gallery is ideal.” Ultimately, the smart billionaire will “get his name on an institution, or become so closely associated with one that it may as well be.” Major gifts to universities are popular. So are football clubs.
Whats most apt about Bulloughs butler analogy is the appearance of gray-flannel propriety, which can impart an aura of respectability to even the most disreputable fortune. The mercenary grubbiness of Britains role might be “hard to comprehend,” Bullough suggests, “because it is so at variance with Britains public image.” Yet Belton and Bullough are joined in their dispiriting diagnosis by Tom Burgis, the author of the excellent book “Kleptopia: How Dirty Money Is Conquering the World” (2020). And by Britains National Crime Agency, which found that “many hundreds of billions of pounds of international criminal money” is laundered through U.K. banks and subsidiaries every year. And by Parliaments own intelligence committee, which has described London as a “laundromat” for illicit Russian cash. And by the Foreign Affairs Committee of the House of Commons, which declared in 2018 that the ease with which Russias President and his allies hide their wealth in London has helped Putin pursue his agenda in Moscow.
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---
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dg-publish: true
Alias: [""]
Tag: ["History", "SouthAmerica", "Inca"]
Date: 2022-03-19
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Link: https://lithub.com/how-the-inca-used-knots-to-tell-stories/
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&emsp;
```button
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^button-HowTheIncaUsedKnotsToTellStoriesNSave
&emsp;
# How The Inca Used Knots To Tell Stories
The Inca are most often remembered not for what they had but for what they didnt have: the wheel, iron, a written language. This third lack has given rise to a paradox, the Inca paradox. Could it be that the largest pre-Columbian empire in the Americas existed without a jot of linguistic notation? Could someone have created the magnificence of Machu Picchu without a single sign to describe its beauty?
The answer is yes, its possible. And if its true that the Inca Empire is the only primary state not to have developed a writing system like the ones weve seen thus far, its also true that it has left us something that perhaps exceeds them in technology and imagination. Its time we start thinking outside the box, looking beyond the same old flat signs. Its time we let our imaginations roam—at least for a bit.
The Inca left behind a three-dimensional system, a 3D “script.” And I use quotation marks here because we shouldnt be thinking about it in conventional terms: not as simple signs engraved or inscribed or stamped on a flat surface. No. The Inca speak to us through objects. They left us a corporeal system, an extension of their fingers: long, colored cords made of the wool of alpacas or llamas. Rows and rows of cords, all strung together like charms on a necklace, all covered in knots. Picture thousands of strings, and tens of thousands of knots, a rainbow filled with messages. These are quipu.
To fully understand quipu, we must shed our preconceived notions of what defines writing.
Up until the calamitous arrival of Francisco Pizarro, quipu were used to govern an empire. For nearly two hundred years, during the 15th and 16th centuries, mathematical notations, calculations, calendars, taxes, censuses—all were tied up rationally and precisely using these Technicolor cords. And there may have been narrative works, too. Getting a firm grip on just how these quipu function linguistically, however, is no small task. There are innumerable knots that we must analyze, tied by different people, for different purposes, and spread across a vast region situated in the middle of the Andes. To get a clear sense not just of the details, but the reasoning behind them, is extremely difficult.
The most popular theory, at least up until recent times, is that quipu are mnemonic devices and nothing more, no different than the way we use rosary beads to count prayers. Quipu masters (or *quipucamayocs*) used them as a means of refreshing their memory, to keep track of the information they were recording. Or so the theory goes. Seen in this light, they would appear to be closed systems, comprehensible only to the quipu wizards who created them. But what would be the point, if it were such a hermetic device? Wed end up right back in the barren stretches of Hildegard and Voynich Manuscript territory.
Maybe theres something more behind them.
To understand how quipu function, we have to go back to being children. In school, we learn to count by using the objects around us—wood blocks, Lego, a toy abacus. We learn addition and subtraction by adding and removing objects from a pile, and by staring at our ten fingers. Then, when we learn to write and do arithmetic, we immerse ourselves in written numbers, which are abstract and two-dimensional. And this moment, though youve probably forgotten it, is the moment we lose our sense of a numbers concreteness. We come to realize that 10 means “ten units of something,” in a dimension with no physical objects to represent them. Abstraction takes hold of us. Without even noticing it, we all at once become platonic observers of the “idea” of number. Counting with your hands starts to feel like something primitive, infantile. Go figure.
\*\*\*
The quipu system has the enthusiasm of a little kid, because its still attached to its wood blocks, its Lego pieces. Though for all its concreteness, its anything but primitive. The knots are used to tabulate data, following a base-ten system: the number 10, in this way, is a physical, tangible, multidimensional thing, made up of ten knots. Which makes a quipu something like an Excel spreadsheet: rows and columns and numbers, sums and totals. Not a mnemonic system, but a physical system of data representation. Not a rosary to help us rattle off mechanical litanies, but an abacus with thousands of beads, to count, to move, to manage. A physical, concrete system. Though, while Excel is fairly easy for us to read, the quipu system is, in short, another story.
The Inca speak to us through objects.
Because quipu arent limited to numbers. A third of these knotted necklaces are narrative. Its hard even to imagine that a story could be told using a series of colored knots that represent numbers, but it is so. Names, places, genealogies, songs—all are recited like so many zip codes, credit-card numbers, telephone numbers, yellow, green, and blue numbers. Because numbers, for the Inca, speak not only of quantity but of quality. I know, its not easy to grasp, but let your imagination run free a little.
The knots are 3D, so they have form, direction, relative position, color, thickness, multiple configurations. Each element carries a different meaning: far from the body, close to the body—these distances affect what quantity is recorded. A three-dimensional Sudoku. Multivalent, multi-referential, and yet at the same time precise. According to Spanish accounts from the mid-16th century, quipu were on par with the Old Worlds most complex scripts. One Jesuit missionary tells of an Inca woman who brought him a quipu bearing her entire life story. In knots. Incredible.
Indeed, the details of how this could have been possible are lost to us, since we dont have the legend that reveals the links among these elements (dimension, thickness, color, number, direction, etc.) and their precise meaning. Were in need of a decoder, an Inca Rosetta stone to unveil the correlations. But even without it, with this partial view of things, we can still draw a few conclusions.
\*\*\*
Have you seen the movie *Arrival*, where Amy Adams plays a linguistics professor employed by the U.S. government to translate an alien language and its enigmatic script? The aliens use a peculiar communication system, which involves squirting out circular figures like cuttlefish ink. Evanescent and ethereal, these figures quickly dissolve, leaving no trace of the message. Amy Adams studies them, and eventually comes to understand them. She deciphers their cuttlefish clouds. The film is much better than my description of it, with its muted, rainy-day tones and its almost dreamlike rhythm. Theres one thing thats of interest to us, however: the aliens signs are semasiographic.
Semasiography is a system of conventional symbols— iconic, abstract—that carry information, though not in any specific language. The bond between sign and sound is variable, loose, unbound by precise rules. Its a nonphonetic system (in the most technical, glottographic sense). Think about mathematical formulas, or music notes, or the buttons on your washing machine: these are all semasiographic systems. We understand them thanks to the conventions that regulate the way we interpret their meaning, but we can read them in any language. They are metalinguistic systems, in sum, not phonetic systems.
Could someone have created the magnificence of Machu Picchu without a single sign to describe its beauty?
There are those who argue that semasiography should not be considered a form of writing in the strictest sense. If thats true, does it mean that we should be thinking of the quipu as a kind of beta software, a rough draft, prehistoric, the first phase in the development of alphabetization? Do the quipu, in other words, make the highly civilized Inca somewhat less civilized, with their roads that stretch for miles, their majestic buildings, their territorial conquests?
Absolutely not—and I dont just say that because Im victim to the Freudian defect of overvaluing a beloved object. Strapped with governing such a vast population, taking a census of so many individuals, managing so many public affairs—because of all these necessities—the Inca decided to use an open system, one that transcended a single language, that could be most widely understood. A system that could unite them as a group.
Nevertheless, the jurys still out. And in all honesty, there simply arent enough quipu experts to reach a definitive verdict. We scholars, too, like the Inca half a millennium before us, must come together as a group. Several digital catalogues have been created, which may one day lead to a breakthrough. Harvards Gary Urton, with his Khipu Database (KDB), seems to have pinpointed the name of a village, Puruchuco, represented by a sequence of three numbers, like a kind of zip code. We cant rule out the possibility that this is a richly phonetic system, but were still a long way from proving it.
To fully understand quipu, we must shed our preconceived notions of what defines writing. And stop mistaking our lack of imagination, our bias toward the “already seen,” for the gaps in our knowledge of the civilization were studying. We must keep an open mind with quipu. It may well be our limited sense of imagination thats blocking us from understanding them. Whatever the case, for all its ingenuity, the quipu system bore no offspring. It died recording its tabulations of the Inca people, giving its last few kicks in the years after the Spanish conquest.
And thats where its circle closed. Who knows if it would have had a future, if it would have become a clear, true script, had Pizarro not razed everything to the ground. I wouldnt put my money on it, but you never know.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
![Via Macmillan](https://s26162.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/the-greatest-invention-cover-196x300.jpeg)
*Excerpted from* [The Greatest Invention: A History of the World in Nine Mysterious Scripts](https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374601638) *by Silvia Ferrara. Published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux, a division of Macmillan. Copyright © 2019 by Giangiacomo Feltrinelli Editore s.r.l. Translation copyright © 2022 by Todd Portnowitz.*
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# Sex Pistols: Rolling Stone Cover Story on Notorious Punk Band
*Instead of perfume, there will be rottenness.*
—Isaiah 3:24
Alittle before midnight, my taxi arrives at a club called the Vortex. The weather is atypically dry, and the neighborhood, like the rest of London, is a shopping district with its eye on the tourist trade. Half a block away ten or twelve teenage boys dressed like horror-movie morticians jump up and down and hit each other. Their hair is short, either greased back or combed to stick straight out with a pomade of Vaseline and talcum powder. Periodically, one chases another out of the pack, grabs the others arm and twists it until he screams with pain. Then they rush back laughing and leap about some more. Sitting oblivious against a building, a man dressed in a burlap bag nods gently as a large puddle of urine forms between his legs.
Shouting epithets at themselves in a thick proletarian accent, the boys finally bob down the street as another cab pulls up to the entrance. A man with curly, moderately long, red hair, a pale face and an apelike black sweater gets out. It is [Malcolm McLaren](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/malcolm-mclaren/), manager of [the Sex Pistols](https://www.rollingstone.com/artist/the-sex-pistols), the worlds most notorious [punk](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/punk/) band who I have flown from New York to meet and see perform. McLaren has been avoiding me for two days. I introduce myself and suggest we get together soon. He changes the subject by introducing me to Russ Meyer, the softcore porn king of Supervixens and Beyond the Valley of the Dolls fame, who is directing [the Sex Pistols](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/the-sex-pistols/) movie. “Youre a journalist?” asks Meyer. “Do you know Roger Ebert? He won the Pulitzer Prize for film criticism and hes writing the movie with me. You should talk to him. At the *Chicago Sun-Times*, hes Dr. Jekyll. With me, hes Mr. Hyde. Hes really into tits.”
McLaren seizes the opportunity to disappear into the Vortex and is lost to me for the rest of the evening. The dense crowd inside consists of a few curiosity seekers and 400 to 500 cadaverous teenagers dressed in black or gray. Often their hair is dyed shades of industrial pink, green and yellow. Several blacks, also drably dressed and with rainbow stripes dyed into their short Afros, speckle the audience. The music over the loudspeakers is about two-thirds shrieking New Wave singles and one-third reggae tunes, which the kids respond to with almost as much enthusiasm as the [punk rock](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/punk-rock/). The dancing is frantic as a band called the Slits sets up. The style is called pogo dancing jumping up and down and flailing ones arms around. It is as far as one can get from the Hustle, and it is the only way one can dance if one is wearing bondage pants tied together at the knees. Most are pogoing alone. Those with partners (usually of the same sex) grasp each other at the neck or shoulders and act like they are strangling each other. Every four or five minutes, someone gets an elbow in the nose and the ensuing punch-out lasts about thirty seconds amid a swirling mass of tripping bodies.
[500 Greatest Songs of All Time: “God Save the Queen”](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-151127/the-sex-pistols-god-save-the-queen-62573/)
Unlike in American punk clubs, which occasionally become as crowded but where most people still try to avoid jostling each other, no one here hesitates to violate another persons physical space. Everyone is fair game for a push. The dance floor is phenomenally stuffed with sweating humans, and getting more stuffed with each new song. Roadies onstage and a few fans hurl beer glasses at each other.
The Slits turn out to be an all-female teenage aggregation whose efforts almost any current American rock audience would reward with a shower of bottles. The guitarist stops in the middle of the fourth song to announce, “Fuckin shit! Listen to this!” and plays an ungodly out-of-tune chord that no one else had even noticed in the cacophony. The singer, apparently the only one with pitch, has to tune the guitar for her. “Fuckin shit!” explains the singer, plucking the strings. “We never said we were musicians.” When the audience becomes restless, she calls them “wankers” (masturbators) and launches into a tune called, “Youre My Number One Enemy.”
The crowd loves it, dancing with even greater abandon with the exception of one pogo stick who stops in midhop at the sight of my notebook and demands to know what paper Im from. I say Im American, not one of the wanking English press. “Well, maybe youre all right,” he snorts in a barely understandable brogue. “At least youre not takin fuckin pictures. The newspapers all sensationalize it. We arent fightin. Were avin fun.”
So what about all the reports of teddy boys (1957-style greasers) fighting punks on Kings Road? “The scene has been going on long enough to attract the idiots who believe the papers,” he shouts in my ear. “Theyre just tryin to live up to their image. Regular violence is a lie!” Perfectly on cue, the kid is slammed into my chest as another scuffle erupts on the dance floor. “ere it comes again,” he says, happily jumping back into the fray.
The Slits draw an encore and invite their opening act, Prefix, a male group who shave their marble white bodies in emulation of Iggy Pop, to jam on “Louie Louie.” The audience likes it so much that several of them storm the stage and nearly succeed in toppling the eight-foot stacks of PA speakers before the security men beat them into submission.
Heading for the exit, I recognize the Sex Pistols drummer, Paul Cook, also weaving his way outside. Unaccompanied, he is wearing a sleeveless T-shirt, straight-legged blue jeans and dilapidated sneakers. The nose is wide, the skin pallid. Conditioned by six months of reports about the Sex Pistols proclivity for violence, I half expect him to assault me. But his hand is limp as we shake and his eyes do not meet mine when I introduce myself. He is, of all things, shy.
“Its just a laugh, not really that violent,” he says when I ask about their dancing. “You can take it which way you want: some laugh, some get paranoid. They want to prove they arent posing.”
“A lot of people have missed the satire,” I say. “Some of the press are even trying to link you with the fascists.”
“I cant be bothered with that shit,” he replies. “Its just what they want to read into it. When we first started playing, before all the articles came out, people would come up and say theyd never seen anything so funny in their lives.”
The next afternoon I spend reading clips in the Sex Pistols office two dingy gray rooms on the top floor of a small office building a few blocks from Piccadilly Circus. McLarens assistants are also dingy and gray and do not introduce me to anyone. When they say hello, they do not shake hands or give a peck on the cheek; they choke each other. The three-foot clip file reflects a band so clouded in mythology that the truth is impossible to discern. This appears to be in everyones interest the press prints anything they can think up, the people are titillated in the midst of excruciatingly dull economic stories by reports that the younger generation is renaming itself [Johnny Rotten](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/johnny-rotten/) and throwing up on old ladies, and the Sex Pistols image as Forbidden Fruit is enhanced. This summer, however, the Pistols have been careening into overexposure in their homeland. The four major music weeklies *Melody Maker, New Musical Express, Record Mirror* and *Sounds* have mentioned them on the cover of almost every issue for months. Taking punk lyrics at their literal word, the dailies regularly proclaim the movement the end of Western Civilization. McLaren has since denounced them for “killing” the New Wave, which may have something to do with why he is letting me languish in my hotel room waiting for his phone calls rather than talk to the band.
All this for a group that has released three singles?
In the history of rock & roll, there is no stranger tale: in late 1971, Malcolm McLaren, then a 24-year-old art student, and his wife Vivian Westwood, who was either teaching or working for Social Security (she doesnt remember which), opened a boutique for teddy boys called Let It Rock. They started with little money, but the shop proved an enormous success because of their shrewd buying of vintage rock records in discount bins and unused stocks of old clothes. The teds rigid conservatism proved boring, however, so McLaren and Westwood changed the name of their store to Too Fast to Live, Too Young to Die and catered to the rockers, another cultural fragment that favored chains, black leather and motorcycles.
McLaren was not, he says, at all interested in contemporary rock music, but was greatly impressed by the swagger of the [New York Dolls](https://www.rollingstone.com/artist/new-york-dolls) when they visited Too Fast one afternoon in 1974. He followed them to a Paris performance and, from November 1974 to June 1975, tried to manage them when their old management and record company were mired in feuds. Burying their old image as trendy transvestites, McLaren dressed them in red leather, draped their amplifiers with hammer and sickle flags and asked the question in their advertising, “What are the politics of boredom?” This proved less than a hit with both public and critics. The Dolls hung it up forever in the middle of a gig in Florida, and McLaren flew back to England a sadder but wiser rock & roll manager.
Meanwhile, Westwood had changed the name of the boutique to Sex and was selling bondage clothes and T-shirts decorated with large rips and grotesque pornography (the government actually prosecuted them for their pictures). It became a hangout for budding punks who listened to the jukebox and stole the clothes. Among them were four proletarian kids Steve Jones, Paul Cook, Glen Matlock and another guitar player who wanted to start a band. McLaren suggested the name Sex Pistols. Jones began as the singer (Cook played drums, Matlock bass) but didnt know what to do with his hands, so they gave him a guitar, which he learned to play proficiently in two months. The other musician was given the boot, leaving an opening for a singer.
One of the regulars at Sex was a kid named John Lydon, who was distinguished on three counts: 1) his face had the pallor of death; 2) he went around spitting on poseurs he passed on the street; and 3) he was the first to understand the democratic implications of punk rather than pay ten pounds for an ugly T-shirt with holes in it, he took a Pink Floyd T-shirt, scratched holes in the eyes and wrote I Hate over the logo. McLaren stood him in front of the jukebox, had him mouth Alice Coopers “Im Eighteen” and declared him their new lead singer. Jones noticed the mung on Lydons never-brushed teeth, and christened him Johnny Rotten.
From the beginning, the Sex Pistols had trouble finding venues for their chaotic performances. But Rotten, blessed with demented anger heretofore unseen outside a war zone, proved to be the spark that set off the forest fire of punk bands now raging through Britain. EMI**,** the largest and most prestigious English record company, signed them and released the Pistols first single, “Anarchy in the U.K.,” in November 1976. In a tune similar to the Whos “I Can See for Miles,” Johnny Rotten declared himself an anti-Christ who wanted to destroy everything. The BBC was not amused and gave it no airplay. “Anarchy” was not even in the charts by December 1st, when the Sex Pistols became household epithets in one night.
Appearing live on the British *Today* show at the supper hour, the Pistols responded to interviewer Bill Grundys command, “Say something outrageous,” by calling him a “dirty fucker” and a “fucking rotter.” The newspapers put them on the front page for a week with screaming headlines like “TV Fury Over Rock Cult Filth” and “Punk? Call It Filthy Lucre”. Members of Parliament denounced them. “Anarchy” entered the charts at Number 43, but record company workers refused to handle it and EMI was fast buckling under the public pressure. The Pistols added to the outrage by refusing to apologize and by doing long interviews in which they denounced the star system and sacred luminaries like [Mick Jagger](https://www.rollingstone.com/artist/mick-jagger) and [Rod Stewart](https://www.rollingstone.com/artist/rod-stewart) for being old and rich. They went on tour, traveling around the country in a bus, arriving at gigs only to discover that they had been banned in the township. Out of twenty-one scheduled dates, the Sex Pistols played three.
On January 4th of this year, they flew to Amsterdam for a club date and got involved in an incident at Heathrow Airport. One witness claimed the Sex Pistols were doing something so disgusting that she could not repeat it for publication. Steve Jones claimed he had a simple case of indigestion, but the papers had a field day, and it became generally believed Jones had been vomiting on old ladies in the preflight lounge. EMI dropped them at a cost of 50,000 pounds and 5000 copies of “Anarchy” to break the contract.
Glen Matlock also left about this time, charging that the group was so manipulated by McLaren that they had become like [the Monkees](https://www.rollingstone.com/artist/the-monkees). The group charged Matlock with being into old farts like [Paul McCartney](https://www.rollingstone.com/artist/paul-mccartney). [Sid Vicious](https://www.rollingstone.com/t/sid-vicious/), an old school chum of Rottens, inventor of pogo dancing, reputed mean hand with a bicycle chain and totally inexperienced hand with a bass guitar, was the replacement.
On March 10th, A&M signed the Sex Pistols, advancing them 50,000 pounds, and dropped them a week later for another 25,000 pounds. In between, the Pistols were apparently involved in incidents of vandalism at the companys headquarters and in a pub fight with the head of programming for the BBC. It is also thought that A&M was the target of heavy pressure brought by disc jockeys, distributors and its own employees.
This summer they signed with Virgin for British distribution and released “God Save the Queen,” a raunchy denunciation of the monarchy, just in time for the Queens Silver Jubilee. The song quickly went to Number One on the *New Musical Express* charts. They followed up with a two-sided hit, “Pretty Vacant,” an original about not caring for anything, and “No Fun,” an [Iggy Pop](https://www.rollingstone.com/artist/iggy-pop) cover that Rotten starts as a sociology lecture and ends as a sort of hymn to the general worthlessness of the universe. They have just completed a much anticipated album, *Another Load of Bollocks from the Sex Pistols,* due out in Britain between this writing and publication time. Though competition is thought to be hot, McLaren still has not signed an American deal.
In the meantime, the Sex Pistols are concentrating their efforts on a feature movie to take their message directly to their audience and bypass the journalists, record companies and disc jockeys. The boutique has been renamed Seditionaries to accommodate the new political mood and its line of T-shirts now includes swastikas. Both Rotten and Cook were assaulted this summer by “patriots” who sent them to the hospital briefly.
Fuckin ell! They were unlucky, that was all,” says Steve Jones, who has arrived in the office to look at some pictures. Jones is by far the healthiest-looking Sex Pistol, with an Im-a-stud-from-the-coal-mines look about him, though his handshake proves as limp as Cooks. “It aint hard to suss it out if a geezers going to beat up on you.”
I mention the recent Swedish tour of small clubs and the gangs of “razors” youthful thugs who drive big American cars and assault immigrants who disrupted some concerts by ripping the safety pins out of the cheeks of some of the Sex Pistols fans.
“Yeah, they like the music, they just dont like the safety pins thats wot a Swedish bloke told me. Theyre just fuckin idiots,” says Jones. “I wanted to go outside and smackem, but the bouncers wouldnt let us. They think were the crown jewels.”
[100 Greatest Artists of All Time: the Sex Pistols](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-artists-147446/the-sex-pistols-87634/)
The phone rings and it is McLaren. I fall on my knees before his assistant and write “*Please*!!” on my notepad. She has mercy and lets me talk to him for a moment. To my great surprise, he invites me to his apartment late that evening. I express my heartfelt thanks and take off with Jones to the studio, where the Sex Pistols are doing the final overdubs on the album. At the curb, Jones pats a passing woman on the behind, much to the distress of the woman and a roadie who is worried what Ill write. “I dont care!” exclaims Jones. “I like slappin birds arses!” A Chinese man grabs the cab hed been motioning and Jones shouts, “Fuckin little slit eye got it! Oy! Oy! You cunt!”
In the taxi, I ask his impression of Russ Meyer. “Seems like a nice bloke,” he says. “Very aware of everything. Theres going to be plenty of sex in this film, lots of birds with big tits.”
One of the things that strikes me about the punk movement, I say, is that it seems antisex kids making themselves so ugly and mutilated that no physical attraction is possible. Sid Vicious described himself in one article as a “sexless monster,” totally bored with the whole subject.
“Sid said that?” says Jones. “e was puttin on.”
I felt like a sexless monster because at the time my head was shaved and I was wearing this vile tuxedo that was four sizes too big. I had no money to buy clothes, and people would run away when I walked down the street. It was a right laugh,” says Sid Vicious in the lounge of the recording studio. [Queen](https://www.rollingstone.com/artist/queen) is recording at the same time, and Freddie Mercurys high-pitched howls waft through the not-quite-soundproofed door. “I didnt like fuckin then, and I still dont. Its dull.”
Vicious voice has a tone of goofy absurdity, something like Ringo Starrs (though hed hate the analogy), that elevates almost everything he says to high humor. Pencil thin, he is dressed in a black leather jacket with no shirt underneath and enormous black combat boots. His teeth appear not to have been brushed in several years. His hair is about two inches long and sticks straight out at odd angles. Several bright red scars highlight his solar plexus.
“One night nobody was payin any attention to me, so I thought Id commit suicide,” he explains, belching loudly. “So I went in the bathroom, broke a glass and slashed my chest with it. Its a really good way to get attention. Im going to do it again particularly since it doesnt work. They all said I didnt cut myself enough to be realistic and ignored me.” Vicious laughs at the non sequitur, adding, “You better not make a fool of me in this article.”
Vicious went to college, the English equivalent of American high school, with Johnny Rotten. “We were right thick cunts, we were,” he says.” e was the vilest geezer I ever met all misshapen, no air, unchback, flat feet. Everybody atedim. Everybody ated me. We ated each other, too, but nobody else would talk to us, so wed just get drunk and criticize each other. e used to tell people e had to cut his piles off with a razor blade because they wereanging outis pants, and *theyd believe im.* e used to tell them that niggers ad air on the roofs of their mouths. *They believed that too.*
Vicious dropped out of school after somehow finagling a scholarship (“I didnt know about the dole yet”) which he used to start some sort of illicit business that he declined to specify. He first touched immortality when attending the early Sex Pistols concerts. “They were the only group I ever wanted to see,” he says. “I didnt know how to dance, so I just jumped up and down and bashed people. Then everybody else started doin it, but they didnt get it right, so I quit.”
“Did you really get into all those fights attributed to you?”
“Dont believe everything you read in the press. If somebody starts with me, I try to mess them up, but I dont look for trouble.”
“When did you first pick up the bass?”
“I never played seriously until I joined the group. Learned quite fast, I suppose. Before I started playing, I never really noticed the bass couldnt tell it from a piano. I heard records as just a wall of sound. Id have to think before I could pick anything out.”
I say how surprised I was the other night to see teenage punks responding so enthusiastically to reggae music. “Yeah, I like reggae,” he says. “But I dont know what it is. I never quite find out what things are.”
“Its true you hate the traditional rock stars whove made big names for themselves?”
“I absolutely despise those turds. [The Stones](https://www.rollingstone.com/artist/the-rolling-stones) should have quit in 1965. You never see any of those cunts walkin down the street. If it gets so you cant see us that way, I dont want it.”
“But the entire American music industry is poised to turn you into the next big thing. Theyll suck out any integrity the band has.”
“But how can they? I only know one way to live. Thats like now. In Sweden, they wouldnt let us out the door. Those fat cunts, they said the crowds would tear us apart, but nothin appened. I wont be filled with that shit.”
“Will you have anything to sing about when youre rich?”
“I dont think well ever be millionaires. I dont really think about the future. I avent got a clue.”
Two groupies, dressed like That Cosmo Cadaver, interrupt. “Can we stay with you tonight?” they ask. “John wouldnt let us.”
“Of course not,” says Vicious. “Youre not worth anythin to me. Theres nothin you ave that I want. And I cant stand the sound of your friends voice. Im very mercenary about these things.”
“So I see.”
When she doesnt respond in kind, Vicious immediately changes his tune. “No, its just that I dontave a place to stay mesef. Every time Iave a place, I get bored in a week. I sleep where I can.”
“With all the money you make, youavent got your own flat?”
“Iavent seen any of it.”
Vicious pulls out his pockets. One coin falls to the floor. “Look, I dont even get paid till Friday, and then its all gone by Monday. Iavent seen any of the money.”
Malcolm McLaren, who has a reputation for being two hours late to everything, is also two hours late to meet me at his apartment. Vivian Westwood ushers me into their bedroom, where I wait until she finishes cutting a half-inch or so of her two-inch hair, presumably to make it stick out better. The room is modestly furnished in black and white, a constantly recurring color theme that along with the incessant rain, bad telephones, warm beer, incompetent hotel service, yellow journalism, cretinous newspapers, lack of time with the band, money that weighs more than its worth, cricket on television, geographically separate streets having the same name within Londons city limits, riots between Marxist and neo-Nazi splinter parties, and a hangover is convincing me to change my name to Chuckie Suicide and go Sid Vicious one better. The only color in the room is a poster of the equally depressing Red Ballet. The bookshelf includes Orwell, Dickens, de Sade and Wilhelm Reichs *The Mass Psychology of Fascism.* First in a pile of albums on the dresser is *The World of Billy Fury.*
Westwood appears a few years older than her husband and wears no makeup over her sheet-white skin. She wears a white blouse and black bondage pants tied together at the knee and thigh. Finishing her hair, she sits on the black bedspread and gives a history of her boutique. They are, she says, still awaiting a decision on the government suit against their pornographic T-shirts. “Weve always been about provoking,” she says. “If you want to find out how much freedom you have, make some kind of explicit sexual statement and wait for it all to crash down around you.”
She says Rotten was the first to rip his own shirt, but, contrary to some accounts, gives Vicious credit for first using safety pins: “A mate who owed him money ripped up his apartment one night shredded the rug, the walls, his clothes, everything. He had to use the pins to hold his trousers together.”
[500 Greatest Albums of All Time: Never Mind the Bollocks (Heres the Sex Pistols)](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-156826/the-sex-pistols-never-mind-the-bollocks-heres-the-sex-pistols-2-166862/)
When McLaren finally arrives after midnight, he is stil wearing the mangy black sweater I saw several nights back. The long strings of matted wool keep reminding me of Johnny Rottens piles hanging out of his pants. I ask why he presented the New York Dolls as communists.
“It was just an idea that came out, like a can of new soup,” he says. “Rock & roll is not just music. Youre selling an attitude too. Take away the attitude and youre just like anyone else, youre like American rock groups. Of course, maybe theres just too wide a market there for a good attitude. The Sex Pistols came about because on the streets of Britain theyre saying, What is this 1960s crap, paying five pounds to see some guy the size of a sixpence when Im the dole? The kids need a sense of adventure, and rock & roll needs to find a way to give it to them wham out the hardest and cruelest lyrics as propaganda, speak the truth as clearly as possible.”
“What did the Dolls as communists have to do with the truth?”
“I dont know,” McLaren admits. “Im not a communist. Im rather anarchistic. I was trying to make them more extreme, less accessible. Most bands wont do that sort of thing, but they must find a means to provoke.”
“Arent there easier ways to break a band?”
“I love to go the hardest route. It keeps you up. It keeps the truth happening. Too many of the new groups are getting sucked up by the record companies too early. The movement will got diluted.”
Since his own problems with record companies are by now legendary, I ask about his negotiations for an American deal.
“Well, Clive Davis called the other day: bullshit artist number one, this guy,” he says. “I said, Werent you the bloke who told the press not to identify itself too closely with the punk movement? He said he didnt mean the Sex Pistols you must look on groups as individuals, not as part of a movement. I said I believe in movements: Get it straight. Were not part of your talent roster. Well have none of your stars. He said [Patti Smith](https://www.rollingstone.com/artist/patti-smith) was on Arista and she was a punk. I dont want your old hacks, I said. You should have signed [the Kinks](https://www.rollingstone.com/artist/the-kinks) in 1964 when they had something to say.
(Reached in New York later, Davis commented, “This cannot be typical of what McLaren thinks because hes told me that hes heard many good things about Arista, and I or my representatives have had about 20 conversations with him. This sounds like a hatchet job, like an isolated and fragmentary quote, since it is from a man who is very interested in signing with me and my company. My reaction is amusement.”)
“These record company presidents, theyre all whores. Two months ago, their doormen would have thrown us out. We sell a few records and they phone and want their pictures taken with us. Mo Ostin \[of Warner Bros.\] is flying in with his lawyer tomorrow, and I couldnt get past his secretary before. Ive been in and out of CBS many times. Walter Yetnikoff \[president of CBS Records Group\] sang me Anarchy in U.K. at breakfast at the Beverty Wilshire to prove he knew the group. He said he wasnt offended by Johnny Rotten saying he was an anti-Christ. Im Jewish, he said.”
(Walter Yetnik off commented later: “I was saying it as a gag. Im not looking to pick a fight with Christianity.”)
I ask why he places the press right down in the sewer along with record company presidents.
“Because the music press are basically Sixties culture freaks. They imply were not original, they try to maintain this facade of knowing every song, every riff, every lyric, as if they invented it. One recent headline had us as John, Paul, Steve and Sid, like we were the Beatles! Thats fucking disgusting! They were trying to make us *fun.* It shows the vampire nature of the Sixties generation, the most narcissistic generation that has ever been!”
“So why are you putting up with me?”
“My man in America told me to. If we do *Rolling Stone*, we might not have to do another interview for two years. This band hates you. It hates your culture. Why cant you lethargic, complacent hippies understand that? You need to be smashed . . . This is a very horrible country, England. We invented the mackintosh, you know.” McLaren gestures as if he is opening his coat for a lewd display. “We invented the flasher, the voyeur. Thats what the press is about.”
Seeing no need for elaboration, I change the subject to why he selected Russ Meyer, of all people, to direct the film.
“Right from the beginning, I knew he was the right guy. He was an action director, and he was an outcast from the regular studios. I liked his sense of color. We didnt want a grainy, black and white, Polish, socialist, realist movie . . . “
The phone rings and McLaren answers. “Whats that? [Elvis Presley](https://www.rollingstone.com/artist/elvis-presley) died? . . . Makes you feel sad, doesnt it? Like your grandfather died . . . Yeah, its just too bad it couldnt have been Mick Jagger.”
Russ Meyer, a grandfatherly man with a small, well-manicured mustache, shows me into his nicely furnished apartment the next day and motions to a slightly pudgy young man on the other side of the room. “This is Roger Ebert,” he says. “He won the Pulitzer Prize for film criticism and hes writing the movie with me. At the *Chicago Sun-Times,* hes Dr. Jekyll. With me, hes Mr. Hyde. Hes really into tits.”
Ebert laughs and says, “Remember, without me, there wouldnt be any mention of *Bambi* in this movie.”
Meyer turns around and motions to the couch behind me. “This,” he says, “is John.”
Sid Vicious could not have described him more accurately: all misshapen, hunchbacked, translucently pale, short hair, bright orange undoubtedly the vilest geezer I have ever met too. He is wearing a T-shirt emblazoned with Destroy and a swastika, black leather pants and these bizarre black shoes shaped like gunboats. His handshake is the limpest of all. “You, uh, prefer to be called John?” I ask.
“Thats right,” he says. “I despise the name Johnny Rotten. I dont talk to anyone who calls me that.” His voice could turn the Lords Prayer into brutal sarcasm. Having learned, probably, that if you stare at anyone long enough he will think you know hes a fraud (because everyone is a fraud), Rotten glares with demonic self-righteousness that threatens to reduce me to incoherence. The overall effect, though, stirs a maternal instinct I didnt know I had. The idea of this sickly dwarf bringing the wrath of an entire nation down on his shoulders is, well, heart-warming. Maybe, just maybe, if someone this powerless could cause that much uproar, maybe words still mean something.
“You got any comment for the world on the death of Elvis?”
“Fuckin good riddance to bad rubbish,” he snarls. “I dont give a fuckin shit, and nobody else does either. Its just fun to fake sympathy, thats all theyre doin.”
“Is it true you used to tell people you had to cut off your piles with a razor blade?”
“Yeah, I didnt go to school for about three weeks. The teachers sent me flowers. Im an atrocious liar.”
“How did you get that way?” I regret the question by the time its out of my mouth, but theres no taking it back.
“Through dating people who ask that kind of crap. Assholes who believe that sort of thing dont deserve to be spit on.”
“You look like Mel Ferrer,” says Meyer to me. “Has anyone ever told you that?”
“No” I reply. “They usually compare me to Charlie Watts.”
“Were lookin for a journalist who looks like Mel Ferrer for the movie,” says Rotten. “He gets murdered.” He glares at me again. This time I glare back, and we end up in an unstated contest for about ten seconds. He seems to withdraw more than lose concentration, not leaving me much of a victory. Meyer asks him about certain English slang words to give the script some authenticity. “A tosspot is even lower than a jerk-off,” Rotten answers. “A weed is a pansy. If you dont know that, its just an indication of how fuckin stupid you Americans are.”
“Just a minute, boy,” laughs Meyer. “In 44, we saved your ass.”
“Like fuck you did . . . ” Rotten trails off, suddenly realizing hes put himself in the position of defending his country. “You can slag off England all you want. Theres no such thing as patriotism anymore. I dont care if it blows up. Theres more tourists in London than Londoners. You never know what accent youre going to get when you ask directions.”
“Hasnt anyone defended you from the standpoint of freedom of speech?”
“Not a one,” he replies. “England was never free. It was always a load of bullshit. Im surprised we arent in jail for treason. Wheres the bog?”
“Down the hall to the left,” says Meyer. “Theres ale in the refrigerator and on the counter, if you want it warm.”
“No, the *bog,* man,” says Rotten. “You know, the shithouse, the wankhole.”
“Oh! The *bathroom*!” says Meyer. “Straight down the hall.” Rotten trots off.
“Hmmm,” Meyer continues, “what do you think about Bog for a movie title? Bog, with an exclamation point.”
When Rotten returns from the bog, I ask if he shares Vicious views on love. “Love is two minutes and fifty seconds of squelching noises,” he says. “It shows your mind isnt clicking right.”
Meyer suggests that we go have dinner and asks Rotten what kind of food he likes.
“I dont like food.”
“Come on,” says Meyer.
“You have to eat something to survive.”
“Very little.”
“What do you eat when you eat very little?”
“Whatever is available. Food is a load of rubbish.”
Rotten finally agrees to a fish restaurant named Wheelers Alcove and the five of us Meyer, Ebert, Rotten, me and this roadie who showed up halfway through the talk stuff ourselves into a subcompact that would be cramped for two. “You cant blame him for being difficult,” whispers the roadie. “Journalists ask the most unbelievably stupid questions. Theyve been calling all day asking how he felt about Elvis.”
On the way, we stop at a store so Rotten can pick up the following days groceries two six-packs and a can of beans. At the restaurant, Ebert entertains me with a joke about an elephant having his testicles crushed by two bricks until the waiter arrives.
“Ill have a filet with nothing around it and a green salad on the side, mush,” orders Rotten.
“Yes, sir, but dont call me mush,” says the waiter who appears to have just gotten off the boat from Pakistan.
Rotten leans over the table and delivers his most enraged stare. “And Ill have a Guiness on the side, *mush*!” The waiter tries to take the other orders, but Rotten insists: “Did you hear I want nothing around the filet, *mush*?!” The waiter finally hustles off to the kitchen, much relieved to get away.
“Whats a mush?” asks Meyer.
“Someone whose face is all beaten in and looks like a cunt.”
“He didnt like that. Hell spit in your salad.”
“I know it. Thats why I said it. The mush couldnt take a joke.”
As the food arrives, I ask Rotten about the close friendship of reggae and punk. The first single by whites ever carried in some of the record shops in Brixton, the Jamaican ghetto, was “Anarchy in the U.K.” But neither movement seems to have made much of an impact on American blacks, who still very much believe in the middle-class dream, at least according to a *New York Times* poll which showed that of any racial group, blacks have the most optimism about New York.
“Punks and niggers are almost the same thing,” says Rotten, oddly echoing a theme of the last decade which substituted “students” for punks. “When I come to America, Im going straight to the ghetto. And if I get bullshit from the blacks in New York, Ill just be surprised at how dumb they are. Im not going to hang out with the trendies at Maxs and the CBGB. Im not asking the blacks to like us. Thats irrelevant. Its just that were doing something theyd want to do if they had the chance.” Rotten seems to be at his most sincere of the evening. He leans forward, almost urgently. “Listen, this band started by nicking every piece of equipment. I still sing through David Bowies microphones. Punk fashions are a load of bollocks. Real punks nick all their gear from junk shops.”
I ask Meyer if, as a Hollywood outcast, he feels any kinship with the punks.
“Not really,” he says. “I dont consider myself an outcast. Im the only independent who can compete with the major studios. I thought this would be a good transitional thing to get out of the straight bosoms-and-brawn thing. Theyre also paying me one percent of the U.S. gross.”
“You mean you dont believe in what theyre saying at all?”
“Dont you know that all directors are whores? John, wouldnt you make yourself look like a cunt for a million dollars?”
“How could you make me look like a bigger cunt than I am?” says Rotten. “The jokes on you.”
Next morning I call McLaren at home and he promises me a ride to Wolver Hampton, a suburb of Birmingham, to see the first date of the Sex Pistols “guerrilla tour” of Britain. Since they are banned everywhere, they will be playing under assumed names. Tonight it is to be the Spots, an acronym for “Sex Pistols On Tour Secretly.” In the meantime, I make a phone call to Bernard Brooke-Partridge, Conservative member of the Greater London Council and chairman of the Arts Committee the man primarilly responsible for banning the Pistols in London.
“I will do everything within the law to stop them from appearing here ever again,” he says. “I loathe and detest everything they stand for and look like. They are obnoxious, obscene and disgusting.”
“Doesnt the question of who should decide whats disgusting in a free society enter in here?”
“I am the person who decides,” he says. “The electorate put me here. My power is not in question. If the Sex Pistols want to change the system, they are free to stand for election from my district.”
“In the United States, the First Amendment to the Constitution says the government is not allowed to make such decisions.”
[Photos: the Sex Pistols Through the Years](https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/the-sex-pistols-photos-20030910)
“We have our own way of doing things here. The Sex Pistols are scum trying to make a fast buck, which they are entitled to do under the law. I am entitled to try and stop them. Well see who wins.
“Now, Ive seen many of the groups play. Ive nothing against Mick Jagger and his ilk. Some of his gestures appeared lewd, and they were probably meant that way, but the audience was not tearing up the seats. I will say this for the Sex Pistols: theres one band thats a damn sight worse: the Bay City Rollers.”
McLaren does not phone me back with instructions on how to get my ride, so I end up taking the train at the last minute. Wolver Hampton turns out to be an industrial sumphole, resembling Cleveland if Cleveland had been built 200 years earlier. The Club Lafayette is in the middle of a tough, working-class neighborhood. Word has obviously gotten out, as a line five to eight wide extends around the block. Inside, it is already packed with people in their late teens and early 20s. Except for one kid who appears to have dyed his skin green (could it have been the dimlight?) and a few others in punk paraphernalia, the crowd is dressed normally. They pogo to the recorded music, however, with even greater intensity than their counterparts at the Vortex. The fights are both more frequent and more violent. One battle seems to swirl around the entire floor, bodies tripping like a line of dominoes until it stops at the foot of the stairs in back, directly below Malcolm McLaren. A half-smile on his lips, he is an island of serenity, magically untouched by the chaos.
“Youve got to control yourselves a bit more,” pleads the DJ over the loudspeaker, “or the Spots will not perform. Please be cool!” The crowd responds with what Im told is a soccer chant.
At midnight, the Sex Pistols finally emerge from the dressing room. The crush around the foot-high stage is literally unbelievable and skirmishes with the security men immediately erupt. The ten-foot stacks of PA speakers are rocking back and forth and are dangerously close to toppling over. The band cranks up and Rotten growls the demonic laugh at the beginning of “Anarchy in the U.K.”:
*Rrrrright nowwwwww!
Ahahahahhh! I am an anti-Christ
I am an anarchist
I dont know what I want
But I know how to get it
I wanna destroy passers-by Cause I wanna beeee anarchyyyyy.*
Some kid has put his fist through one of the speakers and a few more have escaped the security men to stop on wires and knock over electronic equipment. The song is barely intelligible over the explosions and spitting noises from shorts, just the way anarchy ought to sound. The crowd pogos frantically. Paul Cook is completely bidden from view, but sounds fine, limiting himself to a basic repertoire of rock licks. Steve Jones guitar work avoids frilla but gets the job done with taste. His expression is deadly earnest like a high school basketball star stepping up for a crucial free throw which he breaks only to spit on the audience every few minutes. Sid Vicious bass playing is highly energetic and completely without subtlety. Hes been up for two days prior to the gig and, hilariously, looks like hes trying to cop some zzzs between licks. Still clad in his swastika T-shirt, Rotten is perhaps the most captivating performer Ive ever seen. He really doesnt do that much besides snarl and be hunch-backed; its the eyes that kill you. They dont pierce, they bludgeon.
“Youre bustin up the PA,” he says, more as a statement of fact than alarm, after the song is over. “Do you want us to continue?”
Several burly roadies join the security men to form a solid wall in front of the band. Rotten is completely hidden from view, so he climbs on top of a monitor and grabs the mike in one hand and the ceiling with the other for balanoe. Someone in the balcony pours beer on him.
The band manages to get through “I Wanna Be Me,” “Im a Lazy Sod” and “No Feeling” with the sound system relatively intact. “Pretty Vacant,” their current hit single, draws an unholy reaction the crowd shouting the chorus at the top of their lungs: “Were so pretty/Oh so pretty/Va-cant/And we dont care!” For the first time, I see Johnny Rotten crack a smile only a brief one, but unmistakably a smile. Grasping a profusely bleeding nose, a kid collapses at my feet. Another pogos with his pants down. The “God Save the Queen” chorus “No future, no future, no future for you” sparks a similar explosion and closes the set. “No Fun” is the encore and, true to its title, blows out the entire PA.
I grab a poster advertising the Spots and head for the dressing room. Uncool fan that I have become, I ask for autographs. Cook complies; Jones complies; Rotten complies; Vicious asks, “Why shoud I?”
“I dont know,” I say. “I just wish you would. That was the most amazing show Ive ever seen.”
Vicious thinks a moment and signs it. “Usually I dont do this,” he says. “For some reason, Im glad you liked it.”
Im glad I liked it, too. Sid Vicious is about as close as rock & roll is going to come to Huckleberry Finn in this decade. I hope he can light out for the territories before he turns into just another ego. I cant dislike Malcolm McLaren for figuring out that reporters are vampires, lurking in the night, ready to suck out every last corpuscle of titillation, leaving the victim to spend eternity as a Media Zombie. If he were merely a manipulator, he wouldnt have chosen such genuine fuckups for the band. If he were merely a greedhead, he could have found an easier way to run the Sex Pistols for number one group in the world. As it is, he chose not the politics of boredom, but the politics of division, Richard Nixons way: amputate the wanking Sixties liberals from their working-class support. Kids destroyed schools to the tune of $600 million in the U.S. last year. Thats a lot of anger that the Southern-California-Cocaine-And-Unrequited-Love Axis isnt capable of tapping.
And Johnny Rotten, it seems to me, told the entire United Kingdom he had to cut his piles off with a razor, and the damn fools believed him. Americas get-well card is in the mail. Itll be a right laugh. But I keep thinking about that brief smile during “Pretty Vacant” at the Club Lafayette. Did that mean, “Look how great I am!” or “Look at them have a good time!”? Those have always been divergent roads in rock & roll. The Sex Pistols took the latter, the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.
*This story is from the October 20th, 1977 issue of Rolling Stone.*
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```button
name Save
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^button-TheManBehindEthereumIsWorriedAboutCryptoFutureNSave
&emsp;
# The Man Behind Ethereum Is Worried About Crypto's Future
In a few minutes, electronic music will start pulsing, stuffed animals will be flung through the air, women will emerge spinning Technicolor hula hoops, and a mechanical bull will rev into action, bucking off one delighted rider after another. Its the closing party of ETHDenver, a weeklong cryptocurrency conference [dedicated to the blockchain Ethereum](https://time.com/6147486/ethereum-book-cryptopians/). Lines have stretched around the block for days. Now, on this Sunday night in February, the giddy energy is peaking.
But as the crowd pushes inside, a wiry man with elfin features is sprinting out of the venue, past astonished selfie takers and venture capitalists. Some call out, imploring him to stay; others even chase him down the street, on foot and on scooters. Yet the man outruns them all, disappearing into the privacy of his hotel lobby, alone.
Vitalik Buterin, the most influential person in crypto, didnt come to Denver to party. He doesnt drink or particularly enjoy crowds. Not that there isnt plenty for the 28-year-old creator of Ethereum to celebrate. Nine years ago, Buterin dreamed up Ethereum as a way to leverage the blockchain technology underlying Bitcoin for all sorts of uses beyond currency. Since then, it has emerged as the bedrock layer of what advocates say will be a new, [open-source, decentralized internet](https://time.com/6150884/ukraine-russia-attack-open-source-intelligence/). Ether, the platforms native currency, has become the second biggest cryptocurrency behind Bitcoin, powering a trillion-dollar ecosystem that [rivals Visa](https://stark.mirror.xyz/q3OnsK7mvfGtTQ72nfoxLyEV5lfYOqUfJIoKBx7BG1I) in terms of the money it moves. Ethereum has brought thousands of unbanked people around the world into financial systems, allowed capital to flow unencumbered across borders, and provided the infrastructure for entrepreneurs to build all sorts of new products, from payment systems to prediction markets, digital swap meets to medical-research hubs.
![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/TIM220328_Buterin.Cover_.FINAL2_.jpg)
Photograph by Benjamin Rasmussen for TIME
But even as crypto has soared in value and volume, Buterin has watched the world he created evolve with a mixture of pride and dread. Ethereum has made a handful of white men unfathomably rich, pumped [pollutants into the air](https://time.com/6120237/nfts-environmental-impact/), and emerged as a vehicle for tax evasion, [money laundering,](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60072195) and mind-boggling scams. “Crypto itself has a lot of dystopian potential if implemented wrong,” the Russian-born Canadian explains the morning after the party in an 80-minute interview in his hotel room.
Buterin worries about the dangers to overeager investors, the soaring transaction fees, and the shameless displays of wealth that have come to dominate [public perception of crypto](https://time.com/6120237/nfts-environmental-impact/). “The peril is you have these $3 million monkeys and it becomes a different kind of gambling,” he says, referring to the Bored Ape Yacht Club, an überpopular NFT collection of garish primate cartoons that has become a digital-age status symbol for millionaires including [Jimmy Fallon and Paris Hilton](https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2022-01-26/jimmy-fallon-nft-ape-nbc), and which have traded for more than $1 million a pop. “There definitely are lots of people that are just buying yachts and [Lambos](https://digiday.com/marketing/lambo-lamborghini-became-status-brand-crypto-boom/).”
**Read More:** *[Politicians Show Their Increasing Interest In Crypto at ETHDenver 2022](https://time.com/6150430/ethdenver-2022-recap/)*
Buterin hopes Ethereum will become the launchpad for all sorts of sociopolitical experimentation: fairer voting systems, urban planning, universal basic income, public-works projects. Above all, he wants the platform to be a counterweight to authoritarian governments and to upend Silicon Valleys stranglehold over our digital lives. But he acknowledges that his vision for the transformative power of Ethereum is at risk of being overtaken by greed. And so he has reluctantly begun to take on a bigger public role in shaping its future. “If we dont exercise our voice, the only things that get built are the things that are immediately profitable,” he says, reedy voice rising and falling as he fidgets his hands and sticks his toes between the cushions of a lumpy gray couch. “And those are often far from whats actually the best for the world.”
The irony is that despite all of Buterins cachet, he may not have the ability to prevent Ethereum from veering off course. Thats because he designed it as a decentralized platform, responsive not only to his own vision but also to the will of its builders, investors, and ever sprawling community. Buterin is not the formal leader of Ethereum. And he fundamentally rejects the idea that anyone should hold unilateral power over its future.
![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/vitalik-buterin-ethereum-ethdenver-keynote.jpg)
Buterin dons Shiba Inu pajama pants onstage at ETHDenver
Benjamin Rasmussen for TIME
Which has left Buterin reliant on the limited tools of soft power: writing blog posts, giving interviews, conducting research, speaking at conferences where many attendees just want to bask in the glow of their newfound riches. “Ive been yelling a lot, and sometimes that yelling does feel like howling into the wind,” he says, his eyes darting across the room. Whether or not his approach works (and how much sway Buterin has over his own brainchild) may be the difference between a future in which Ethereum becomes the basis of a new era of digital life, and one in which its just another instrument of financial speculation—credit-default swaps with a utopian patina.
**Three days after** the music stops at ETHDenver, Buterins attention turns across the world, back to the region where he was born. In the war launched by Russian President Vladimir Putin, cryptocurrency almost immediately became a tool of Ukrainian resistance. [More than $100 million](https://time.com/6153320/crypto-ukraine-charity/) in crypto was raised in the invasions first three weeks for the Ukrainian government and NGOs. Cryptocurrency has also provided a lifeline for some fleeing Ukrainians whose banks are inaccessible. At the same time, regulators worry that it will be used by Russian oligarchs to evade sanctions.
Buterin has sprung into action too, matching hundreds of thousands of dollars in grants toward relief efforts and publicly lambasting Putins decision to invade. “One silver lining of the situation in the last three weeks is that it has reminded a lot of people in the crypto space that ultimately the goal of crypto is not to play games with million-dollar pictures of monkeys, its to do things that accomplish meaningful effects in the real world,” Buterin wrote in an email to TIME on March 14**.**
His outspoken advocacy marks a change for a leader who has been slow to find his political voice. “One of the decisions I made in 2022 is to try to be more risk-taking and less neutral,” Buterin says. “I would rather Ethereum offend some people than turn into something that stands for nothing.”
The war is personal to Buterin, who has both Russian and Ukrainian ancestry. He was born outside Moscow in 1994 to two computer scientists, Dmitry Buterin and Natalia Ameline, a few years after the fall of the Soviet Union. Monetary and social systems had collapsed; his mothers parents lost their life savings [amid rising inflation](https://time.com/6152697/inflation-democrats-midterm-elections-2022/). “Growing up in the USSR, I didnt realize most of the stuff Id been told in school that was good, like communism, was all propaganda,” explains Dmitry. “So I wanted Vitalik to question conventions and beliefs, and he grew up very independent as a thinker.”
The family initially lived in a university dorm room with a shared bathroom. There were no disposable diapers available, so his parents washed his by hand. Vitalik grew up with a turbulent, teeming mind. Dmitry says Vitalik learned how to read before he could sleep through the night, and was slow to form sentences compared with his peers. “Because his mind was going so fast,” Dmitry recalls, “it was actually hard for him to express himself verbally for some time.”
Instead, Vitalik gravitated to the clarity of numbers. At 4, he inherited his parents old IBM computer and started playing around with Excel spreadsheets. At 7, he could recite more than a hundred digits of pi, and would shout out math equations to pass the time. By 12, he was coding inside Microsoft Office Suite. The precocious childs isolation from his peers had been exacerbated by a move to Toronto in 2000, the same year Putin was first elected. His father characterizes Vitaliks Canadian upbringing as “lucky and naive.” Vitalik himself uses the words “lonely and disconnected.”
![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/vitalik-buterin-ethereum-childhood-ibm.jpg)
Buterin on his IBM
Courtesy Dmitry Buterin
In 2011, Dmitry introduced Vitalik to Bitcoin, which had been created in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. After seeing the collapse of financial systems in both Russia and the U.S., Dmitry was intrigued by the idea of an alternative global money source that was uncontrolled by authorities. Vitalik soon began writing articles exploring the new technology for the magazine Bitcoin Weekly, for which he earned 5 bitcoins a pop (back then, some $4; today, it would be worth about $200,000).
Even as a teenager, Vitalik Buterin proved to be a pithy writer, able to articulate complex ideas about cryptocurrency and its underlying technology in clear prose. At 18, he co-founded *Bitcoin Magazine* and became its lead writer, earning a following both in Toronto and abroad. “A lot of people think of him as a typical techie engineer,” says Nathan Schneider, a media-studies professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who first interviewed Buterin in 2014. “But a core of his practice even more so is observation and writing—and that helped him see a cohesive vision that others werent seeing yet.”
As Buterin learned more about the blockchain technology on which Bitcoin was built, he began to believe using it purely for currency was a waste. The blockchain, he thought, could serve as an efficient method for securing all sorts of assets: web applications, organizations, financial derivatives, nonpredatory loan programs, even wills. Each of these could be operated by “smart contracts,” code that could be programmed to carry out transactions without the need for intermediaries. A decentralized version of the rideshare industry, for example, could be built to send money directly from passengers to drivers, without Uber swiping a cut of the proceeds.
*Read the rest of Buterins interview in TIMEs newsletter Into the Metaverse.* [*Subscribe for a weekly guide to the future of the Internet.*](https://time.com/newsletters/?newsletter_name=metaverse&source=meta_onsite) *You can find* [*past issues of the newsletter here*](https://time.com/tag/into-the-metaverse/)*.*
In 2013, Buterin dropped out of college and wrote a 36-page white paper laying out his vision for Ethereum: a new open-source blockchain on which programmers could build any sort of application they wished. (Buterin swiped the name from a Wikipedia list of elements from science fiction.) He sent it to friends in the Bitcoin community, who passed it around. Soon a handful of programmers and businessmen around the world sought out Buterin in hopes of helping him bring it to life. Within months, a group of eight men who would become known as Ethereums founders were sharing a three-story Airbnb in Switzerland, writing code and [wooing investors](https://time.com/6140467/metaverse-real-estate/).
While some of the other founders mixed work and play—watching *Game of Thrones,* persuading friends to bring over beer in exchange for Ether IOUs—Buterin mostly kept to himself, coding away on his laptop, according to Laura Shins [recent book about the history of Ethereum, *The Cryptopians*](https://time.com/6147486/ethereum-book-cryptopians/). Over time, it became apparent that the group had very different plans for the nascent technology. Buterin wanted a decentralized open platform on which anyone could build anything. Others wanted to use the technology to create a business. One idea was to build the crypto equivalent to Google, in which Ethereum would use customer data to sell targeted ads. The men also squabbled over power and titles. One co-founder, Charles Hoskinson, appointed himself CEO—a designation that was of no interest to Buterin, who joked his title would be C-3PO, after the droid from *Star Wars.*
The ensuing conflicts left Buterin with culture shock. In the space of a few months, he had gone from a cloistered life of writing code and technical articles to a that of a decisionmaker grappling with bloated egos and power struggles. His vision for Ethereum hung in the balance. “The biggest divide was definitely that a lot of these people cared about making money. For me, that was totally not my goal,” says Buterin, whose net worth is at least $800 million, according to public records on the blockchain whose accuracy was confirmed by a spokesperson. “There were even times at the beginning where I was negotiating down the percentages of the Ether distribution that both myself and the other top-level founders would get, in order to be more egalitarian. That did make them upset.”
![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/WETHEREUM-graphic.jpg)
Buterin says the other founders tried to take advantage of his naiveté to push through their own ideas about how Ethereum should run. “People used my fear of regulators against me,” he recalls, “saying that we should have a for-profit entity because its so much simpler legally than making a nonprofit.” As tensions rose, the group implored Buterin to make a decision. In June 2014, he asked Hoskinson and Amir Chetrit, two co-founders who were pushing Ethereum to become a business, to leave the group. He then set in motion the creation of the Ethereum Foundation (EF), a nonprofit established to safeguard Ethereums infrastructure and fund research and development projects.
One by one, all the other founders peeled off over the next few years to pursue their own projects, either in tandem with Ethereum or as direct competitors. Some of them remain critical of Buterins approach. “In the dichotomy between centralization and anarchy, Ethereum seems to be going toward anarchy,” says Hoskinson, who now leads his own blockchain, Cardano. “We think theres a middle ground to create some sort of blockchain-based governance system.”
With the founders splintered, Buterin emerged as Ethereums philosophical leader. He had a seat on the EF board and the clout to shape industry trends and move markets with his public pronouncements. He even became known as “V God” in China. But he didnt exactly step into the power vacuum. “Hes not good at bossing people around,” says Aya Miyaguchi, the executive director of the EF. “From a social-navigation perspective, he was immature. Hes probably still conflict-averse,” says Danny Ryan, a lead researcher at the EF. Buterin calls his struggle to inhabit the role of an organizational leader “my curse for the first few years at Ethereum.”
Its not hard to see why. Buterin still does not present stereotypical leadership qualities when you meet him. He sniffles and stutters through his sentences, walks stiffly, and struggles to hold eye contact. He puts almost no effort into his clothing, mostly wearing Uniqlo tees or garments gifted to him by friends. His disheveled appearance has made him an easy target on social media: he [recently shared insults](https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1481737116514017282) from online hecklers who said he looked like a “Bond villain” or an “alien crackhead.”
Yet almost everyone who has a full conversation with Buterin comes away starry-eyed. Buterin is wryly funny and almost wholly devoid of pretension or ego. Hes an unabashed geek whose eyes spark when he alights upon one of his favorite concepts, whether it be quadratic voting or the governance system futarchy. Just as Ethereum is designed to be an everything machine, Buterin is an everything thinker, fluent in disciplines ranging from sociological theory to advanced calculus to [land-tax history.](https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/04/20/radical_markets.html) (Hes currently using Duolingo to learn his fifth and sixth languages.) He doesnt talk down to people, and he eschews a security detail. “An emotional part of me says that once you start going down that way, *professionalizing* is just another word for losing your soul,” he says.
![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/vitalik-buterin-ethereum-ethdenver-conference.jpg)
Buterin, seen through a monitor at ETHDenver
Benjamin Rasmussen for TIME
Alexis Ohanian, the co-founder of Reddit and a major crypto investor, says being around Buterin gives him “a similar vibe to when I first got to know Sir Tim Berners-Lee,” the inventor of the World Wide Web. “Hes very thoughtful and unassuming,” Ohanian says, “and hes giving the world some of the most powerful Legos its ever seen.”
For years, Buterin has been grappling with how much power to exercise in Ethereums decentralized ecosystem. The first major test came in 2016, when a newly created Ethereum-based fundraising body called the DAO was hacked for $60 million, which amounted at the time to more than 4% of all Ether in circulation. The hack tested the [crypto communitys values](https://time.com/6144332/the-problem-with-nfts-video/): if they truly believed no central authority should override the code governing smart contracts, then thousands of investors would simply have to eat the loss—which could, in turn, encourage more hackers. On the other hand, if Buterin chose to reverse the hack using a maneuver called a hard fork, he would be wielding the same kind of central authority as the financial systems he sought to replace.
Buterin took a middle ground. He consulted with other Ethereum leaders, wrote blog posts advocating for the hard fork, and watched as the community voted overwhelmingly in favor of that option via forums and petitions. When Ethereum developers created the fork, users and miners had the option to stick with the hacked version of the blockchain. But they overwhelmingly chose the forked version, and Ethereum quickly recovered in value.
To Buterin, the DAO hack epitomized the promise of a decentralized approach to governance. “Leadership has to rely much more on soft power and less on hard power, so leaders have to actually take into account the feelings of the community and treat them with respect,” he says. “Leadership positions arent fixed, so if leaders stop performing, the world forgets about them. And the converse is that its very easy for new leaders to rise up.”
**Over the past few years,** countless leaders have risen up in Ethereum, building all kinds of products, tokens, and subcultures. There was the ICO boom of 2017, in which venture capitalists raised billions of dollars for blockchain projects. There was DeFi summer in 2020, in which new trading mechanisms and derivative structures sent money whizzing around the world at hyperspeed. And there was last years explosion of NFTs: tradeable digital goods, like profile pictures, art collections, and sports cards, that skyrocketed in value.
Skeptics have derided the utility of NFTs, in which billion-dollar economies have been built upon the perceived digital ownership of simple images that can easily be copied and pasted. But they have rapidly become one of the most utilized components of the Ethereum ecosystem. In January, the NFT trading platform OpenSea hit a record $5 billion in monthly sales.
![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/vitalik-buterin-ethereum-ethdenver-conference-crowd.jpg)
Conference­goers line up to ask Buterin questions after his keynote
Benjamin Rasmussen for TIME
Buterin didnt predict [the rise of NFTs,](https://time.com/5947911/nft-environmental-toll/) and has watched the phenomenon with a mixture of interest and anxiety. On one hand, they have helped to turbocharge the price of Ether, which has increased more than tenfold in value over the past two years. (Disclosure: I own less than $1,300 worth of Ether, which I purchased in 2021.) But their volume has overwhelmed the network, leading to a steep rise in congestion fees, in which, for instance, bidders trying to secure a rare NFT pay hundreds of dollars extra to make sure their transactions are expedited.
**Read More:** *[NFT Art Collectors Are Playing a Risky Game—And Winning](https://time.com/6126878/nft-art-collectors/)*
The fees have undermined some of Buterins favorite projects on the blockchain. Take [Proof of Humanity](https://time.com/6142810/proof-of-humanity/), which awards a universal basic income—currently about $40 per month**—**to anyone who signs up. Depending on the week, the networks congestion fees can make pulling money out of your wallet to pay for basic needs prohibitively expensive. “With fees being the way they are today,” Buterin says, “it really gets to the point where the financial derivatives and the gambley stuff start pricing out some of the cool stuff.”
Inequities have crept into crypto in other ways, including a stark lack of gender and racial diversity. “It hasnt been among the things Ive put a lot of intellectual effort into,” Buterin admits of gender parity. “The ecosystem does need to improve there.” Hes scornful of the dominance of coin voting, a voting process for DAOs that Buterin feels is just a new version of plutocracy, one in which wealthy venture capitalists can make self-interested decisions with little resistance. “Its become a de facto standard, which is a dystopia Ive been seeing unfolding over the last few years,” he says.
These problems have sparked a backlash both inside and outside the blockchain community. [As crypto rockets](https://time.com/6111700/ether-ethereum-record-high/) toward the mainstream, its esoteric jargon, idiosyncratic culture, and financial excesses have been met with widespread disdain. Meanwhile, frustrated users are decamping to newer blockchains like Solana and BNB Chain, driven by the prospect of lower transaction fees, alternative building tools, or different philosophical values.
Buterin understands why people are moving away from Ethereum. Unlike virtually any other leader in a trillion-dollar industry, he says hes fine with it—especially given that Ethereums current problems stem from the fact that it has too many users. (Losing immense riches doesnt faze him much, either: last year, he [dumped $6 billion worth of Shiba Inu tokens](https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2021/05/17/vitalik-buterin-burns-6b-in-shib-tokens-says-he-doesnt-want-the-power/) that were gifted to him, explaining that he wanted to give some to charity, help maintain the meme coins value, and surrender his role as a “locus of power.”)
In the meantime, he and the EF—which holds almost a billion dollars worth of Ether in reserve, a representative confirmed—are taking several approaches to improve the ecosystem. Last year, they handed out $27 million to Ethereum-based projects, up from $7.7 million in 2019, to recipients including smart-contract developers and an educational conference in Lagos.
The EF research team is also working on two crucial technical updates. The first is known as the “merge,” which converts Ethereum from Proof of Work, a form of blockchain verification, to Proof of Stake, which the EF says will reduce Ethereums energy usage by [more than 99%](https://blog.ethereum.org/2021/05/18/country-power-no-more/) and make the network more secure. Buterin has been stumping for Proof of Stake since Ethereums founding, but repeated delays have turned implementation into a *Waiting for Godot*style drama. At ETHDenver, the EF researcher Danny Ryan declared that the merge would happen within the next six months, unless “something insanely catastrophic” happens. The same day, Buterin encouraged companies worried about the environmental impact to delay using Ethereum until the merge is completed—even if it “gets delayed until 2025.”
![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/vitalik-buterin-ethereum-ethdenver-nft-gallery.jpg)
ETHDenver attendee Brent Burdick checks his phone in an NFT gallery room
Benjamin Rasmussen for TIME
In January, Moxie Marlinspike, co-founder of the messaging app Signal, wrote a [widely read critique](https://moxie.org/2022/01/07/web3-first-impressions.html) noting that despite its collectivist mantras, so-called web3 was already coalescing around centralized platforms. As he often does when faced with legitimate criticism, Buterin responded with a [thoughtful, detailed post](https://np.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/ryk3it/my_first_impressions_of_web3/hrrz15r/) on Reddit. “The properly authenticated decentralized blockchain world is coming, and is much closer to being here than many people think,” he wrote. “I see no technical reason why the future needs to look like the status quo today.”
Buterin is aware that cryptos utopian promises sound stale to many, and calls the race to implement sharding in the face of competition a “ticking time bomb.” “If we dont have sharding fast enough, then people might just start migrating to more centralized solutions,” he says. “And if after all that stuff happens and it still centralizes, then yes, theres a much stronger argument that theres a big problem.”
**As the technical kinks** get worked out, Buterin has turned his attention toward larger sociopolitical issues he thinks the [blockchain might solve](https://time.com/6142810/proof-of-humanity/). On his blog and on Twitter, youll find treatises on [housing](https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/12/19/bullveto.html); on [voting systems](https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/05/25/voting2.html); on the best way to distribute [public goods](https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/11/16/retro1.html); on [city building](https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/10/31/cities.html) and longevity research. While Buterin spent much of the pandemic living in Singapore, he increasingly lives as a digital nomad, writing dispatches from the road.
Those who know Buterin well have noticed a philosophical shift over the years. “Hes gone on a journey from being more sympathetic to anarcho-capitalist thinking to Georgist-type thinking,” says Glen Weyl, an economist who is one of his close collaborators, referring to a theory that holds the value of the commons should belong equally to all members of society. One of Buterins recent posts calls for the creation of a new type of NFT, based not on monetary value but on participation and identity. For instance, the allocation of votes in an organization might be determined by the commitment an individual has shown to the group, as opposed to the number of tokens they own. “NFTs can represent much more of who you are and not just what you can afford,” he [writes](https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/01/26/soulbound.html).
**Read More:** *[How Crypto Investors Are Handling Plunging Prices](https://time.com/6141028/crypto-crash-investors/)*
While Buterins blog is one of his main tools of public persuasion, his posts arent meant to be decrees, but rather intellectual explorations that invite debate. Buterin often dissects the flaws of obscure ideas he once wrote effusively about, like Harberger taxes. His blog is a model for how a leader can work through complex ideas with transparency and rigor, exposing the messy process of intellectual growth for all to see, and perhaps learn from.
Some of Buterins more radical ideas can provoke alarm. In January, he caused a minor outrage on Twitter by [advocating for synthetic wombs](https://twitter.com/vitalikbuterin/status/1483491180906045440?lang=en), which he argued could reduce the pay gap between men and women. He predicts theres a decent chance someone born today will live to be 3,000, and takes the anti-diabetes medication Metformin in the hope of slowing his bodys aging, despite [mixed studies](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/19/well/move/an-anti-aging-pill-think-twice.html) on the drugs efficacy.
[*Subscribe to TIMEs newsletter* *Into the Metaverse* *for a weekly guide to the future of the Internet.*](https://time.com/newsletters/?newsletter_name=metaverse&source=meta_onsite) *You can find* [*past issues of the newsletter here*](https://time.com/tag/into-the-metaverse/)*.*
As governmental bodies prepare to wade into crypto—in March, [President Biden signed an Executive Order](https://time.com/6156247/biden-crypto-executive-order/) seeking a federal plan for regulating digital assets—Buterin has increasingly been sought out by politicians. At ETHDenver, he held a private conversation with Colorado Governor Jared Polis, a Democrat who supports cryptocurrencies. Buterin is anxious about cryptos political valence in the U.S., where Republicans have generally been more eager to embrace it. “Theres definitely signs that are making it seem like crypto is on the verge of becoming a right-leaning thing,” Buterin says. “If it does happen, well sacrifice a lot of the potential it has to offer.”
To Buterin, the worst-case scenario for the future of crypto is that blockchain technology ends up concentrated in the hands of dictatorial governments. He is unhappy with [El Salvadors rollout of Bitcoin](https://time.com/6103299/bitcoin-el-salvador-nayib-bukele/) as legal tender, which has been riddled with identity theft and volatility. The prospect of governments using the technology to crack down on dissent is one reason Buterin is adamant about crypto remaining decentralized. He sees the technology as the most powerful equalizer to surveillance technology deployed by governments (like Chinas) and powerful companies (like Meta) alike.
If Mark Zuckerberg shouldnt have the power to make epoch-changing decisions or control users data for profit, Buterin believes, then neither should he—even if that limits his ability to shape the future of his creation, sends some people to other blockchains, or allows others to use his platform in unsavory ways. “I would love to have an ecosystem that has lots of good crazy and bad crazy,” Buterin says. “Bad crazy is when theres just huge amounts of money being drained and all its doing is subsidizing the hacker industry. Good crazy is when theres tech work and research and development and public goods coming out of the other end. So theres this battle. And we have to be intentional, and make sure more of the right things happen.”
*—With reporting by Nik Popli and Mariah Espada/Washington*
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- After Fleeing Ukraine, [**LGBTQ Refugees Search for Safety**](https://time.com/6156672/lgbtq-ukraine-refugees-russia/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20220316) in Countries Hostile to Their Rights
- A [**Haitian Man's Brutal Experience With U.S. Border Agents**](https://time.com/6144970/mirard-joseph-haitian-migrants-del-rio-border/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20220316) Sparked Outrage. Now He's Telling His Story
- 'Its Our Home Turf.' [**The Man On Ukraine's Digital Frontline**](https://time.com/6157308/its-our-home-turf-the-man-on-ukraines-digital-frontline/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20220316)
**Contact us** at [letters@time.com](mailto:letters@time.com?subject=(READER%20FEEDBACK)%20The%20Man%20Behind%20Ethereum%20Is%20Worried%20About%20Crypto's%20Future&body=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6158182%2Fvitalik-buterin-ethereum-profile%2F).
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# The Man Behind Ethereum Is Worried About Crypto's Future
In a few minutes, electronic music will start pulsing, stuffed animals will be flung through the air, women will emerge spinning Technicolor hula hoops, and a mechanical bull will rev into action, bucking off one delighted rider after another. Its the closing party of ETHDenver, a weeklong cryptocurrency conference [dedicated to the blockchain Ethereum](https://time.com/6147486/ethereum-book-cryptopians/). Lines have stretched around the block for days. Now, on this Sunday night in February, the giddy energy is peaking.
But as the crowd pushes inside, a wiry man with elfin features is sprinting out of the venue, past astonished selfie takers and venture capitalists. Some call out, imploring him to stay; others even chase him down the street, on foot and on scooters. Yet the man outruns them all, disappearing into the privacy of his hotel lobby, alone.
Vitalik Buterin, the most influential person in crypto, didnt come to Denver to party. He doesnt drink or particularly enjoy crowds. Not that there isnt plenty for the 28-year-old creator of Ethereum to celebrate. Nine years ago, Buterin dreamed up Ethereum as a way to leverage the blockchain technology underlying Bitcoin for all sorts of uses beyond currency. Since then, it has emerged as the bedrock layer of what advocates say will be a new, [open-source, decentralized internet](https://time.com/6150884/ukraine-russia-attack-open-source-intelligence/). Ether, the platforms native currency, has become the second biggest cryptocurrency behind Bitcoin, powering a trillion-dollar ecosystem that [rivals Visa](https://stark.mirror.xyz/q3OnsK7mvfGtTQ72nfoxLyEV5lfYOqUfJIoKBx7BG1I) in terms of the money it moves. Ethereum has brought thousands of unbanked people around the world into financial systems, allowed capital to flow unencumbered across borders, and provided the infrastructure for entrepreneurs to build all sorts of new products, from payment systems to prediction markets, digital swap meets to medical-research hubs.
![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/TIM220328_Buterin.Cover_.FINAL2_.jpg)
Photograph by Benjamin Rasmussen for TIME
But even as crypto has soared in value and volume, Buterin has watched the world he created evolve with a mixture of pride and dread. Ethereum has made a handful of white men unfathomably rich, pumped [pollutants into the air](https://time.com/6120237/nfts-environmental-impact/), and emerged as a vehicle for tax evasion, [money laundering,](https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60072195) and mind-boggling scams. “Crypto itself has a lot of dystopian potential if implemented wrong,” the Russian-born Canadian explains the morning after the party in an 80-minute interview in his hotel room.
Buterin worries about the dangers to overeager investors, the soaring transaction fees, and the shameless displays of wealth that have come to dominate [public perception of crypto](https://time.com/6120237/nfts-environmental-impact/). “The peril is you have these $3 million monkeys and it becomes a different kind of gambling,” he says, referring to the Bored Ape Yacht Club, an überpopular NFT collection of garish primate cartoons that has become a digital-age status symbol for millionaires including [Jimmy Fallon and Paris Hilton](https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2022-01-26/jimmy-fallon-nft-ape-nbc), and which have traded for more than $1 million a pop. “There definitely are lots of people that are just buying yachts and [Lambos](https://digiday.com/marketing/lambo-lamborghini-became-status-brand-crypto-boom/).”
**Read More:** *[Politicians Show Their Increasing Interest In Crypto at ETHDenver 2022](https://time.com/6150430/ethdenver-2022-recap/)*
Buterin hopes Ethereum will become the launchpad for all sorts of sociopolitical experimentation: fairer voting systems, urban planning, universal basic income, public-works projects. Above all, he wants the platform to be a counterweight to authoritarian governments and to upend Silicon Valleys stranglehold over our digital lives. But he acknowledges that his vision for the transformative power of Ethereum is at risk of being overtaken by greed. And so he has reluctantly begun to take on a bigger public role in shaping its future. “If we dont exercise our voice, the only things that get built are the things that are immediately profitable,” he says, reedy voice rising and falling as he fidgets his hands and sticks his toes between the cushions of a lumpy gray couch. “And those are often far from whats actually the best for the world.”
The irony is that despite all of Buterins cachet, he may not have the ability to prevent Ethereum from veering off course. Thats because he designed it as a decentralized platform, responsive not only to his own vision but also to the will of its builders, investors, and ever sprawling community. Buterin is not the formal leader of Ethereum. And he fundamentally rejects the idea that anyone should hold unilateral power over its future.
![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/vitalik-buterin-ethereum-ethdenver-keynote.jpg)
Buterin dons Shiba Inu pajama pants onstage at ETHDenver
Benjamin Rasmussen for TIME
Which has left Buterin reliant on the limited tools of soft power: writing blog posts, giving interviews, conducting research, speaking at conferences where many attendees just want to bask in the glow of their newfound riches. “Ive been yelling a lot, and sometimes that yelling does feel like howling into the wind,” he says, his eyes darting across the room. Whether or not his approach works (and how much sway Buterin has over his own brainchild) may be the difference between a future in which Ethereum becomes the basis of a new era of digital life, and one in which its just another instrument of financial speculation—credit-default swaps with a utopian patina.
**Three days after** the music stops at ETHDenver, Buterins attention turns across the world, back to the region where he was born. In the war launched by Russian President Vladimir Putin, cryptocurrency almost immediately became a tool of Ukrainian resistance. [More than $100 million](https://time.com/6153320/crypto-ukraine-charity/) in crypto was raised in the invasions first three weeks for the Ukrainian government and NGOs. Cryptocurrency has also provided a lifeline for some fleeing Ukrainians whose banks are inaccessible. At the same time, regulators worry that it will be used by Russian oligarchs to evade sanctions.
Buterin has sprung into action too, matching hundreds of thousands of dollars in grants toward relief efforts and publicly lambasting Putins decision to invade. “One silver lining of the situation in the last three weeks is that it has reminded a lot of people in the crypto space that ultimately the goal of crypto is not to play games with million-dollar pictures of monkeys, its to do things that accomplish meaningful effects in the real world,” Buterin wrote in an email to TIME on March 14**.**
His outspoken advocacy marks a change for a leader who has been slow to find his political voice. “One of the decisions I made in 2022 is to try to be more risk-taking and less neutral,” Buterin says. “I would rather Ethereum offend some people than turn into something that stands for nothing.”
The war is personal to Buterin, who has both Russian and Ukrainian ancestry. He was born outside Moscow in 1994 to two computer scientists, Dmitry Buterin and Natalia Ameline, a few years after the fall of the Soviet Union. Monetary and social systems had collapsed; his mothers parents lost their life savings [amid rising inflation](https://time.com/6152697/inflation-democrats-midterm-elections-2022/). “Growing up in the USSR, I didnt realize most of the stuff Id been told in school that was good, like communism, was all propaganda,” explains Dmitry. “So I wanted Vitalik to question conventions and beliefs, and he grew up very independent as a thinker.”
The family initially lived in a university dorm room with a shared bathroom. There were no disposable diapers available, so his parents washed his by hand. Vitalik grew up with a turbulent, teeming mind. Dmitry says Vitalik learned how to read before he could sleep through the night, and was slow to form sentences compared with his peers. “Because his mind was going so fast,” Dmitry recalls, “it was actually hard for him to express himself verbally for some time.”
Instead, Vitalik gravitated to the clarity of numbers. At 4, he inherited his parents old IBM computer and started playing around with Excel spreadsheets. At 7, he could recite more than a hundred digits of pi, and would shout out math equations to pass the time. By 12, he was coding inside Microsoft Office Suite. The precocious childs isolation from his peers had been exacerbated by a move to Toronto in 2000, the same year Putin was first elected. His father characterizes Vitaliks Canadian upbringing as “lucky and naive.” Vitalik himself uses the words “lonely and disconnected.”
![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/vitalik-buterin-ethereum-childhood-ibm.jpg)
Buterin on his IBM
Courtesy Dmitry Buterin
In 2011, Dmitry introduced Vitalik to Bitcoin, which had been created in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis. After seeing the collapse of financial systems in both Russia and the U.S., Dmitry was intrigued by the idea of an alternative global money source that was uncontrolled by authorities. Vitalik soon began writing articles exploring the new technology for the magazine Bitcoin Weekly, for which he earned 5 bitcoins a pop (back then, some $4; today, it would be worth about $200,000).
Even as a teenager, Vitalik Buterin proved to be a pithy writer, able to articulate complex ideas about cryptocurrency and its underlying technology in clear prose. At 18, he co-founded *Bitcoin Magazine* and became its lead writer, earning a following both in Toronto and abroad. “A lot of people think of him as a typical techie engineer,” says Nathan Schneider, a media-studies professor at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who first interviewed Buterin in 2014. “But a core of his practice even more so is observation and writing—and that helped him see a cohesive vision that others werent seeing yet.”
As Buterin learned more about the blockchain technology on which Bitcoin was built, he began to believe using it purely for currency was a waste. The blockchain, he thought, could serve as an efficient method for securing all sorts of assets: web applications, organizations, financial derivatives, nonpredatory loan programs, even wills. Each of these could be operated by “smart contracts,” code that could be programmed to carry out transactions without the need for intermediaries. A decentralized version of the rideshare industry, for example, could be built to send money directly from passengers to drivers, without Uber swiping a cut of the proceeds.
*Read the rest of Buterins interview in TIMEs newsletter Into the Metaverse.* [*Subscribe for a weekly guide to the future of the Internet.*](https://time.com/newsletters/?newsletter_name=metaverse&source=meta_onsite) *You can find* [*past issues of the newsletter here*](https://time.com/tag/into-the-metaverse/)*.*
In 2013, Buterin dropped out of college and wrote a 36-page white paper laying out his vision for Ethereum: a new open-source blockchain on which programmers could build any sort of application they wished. (Buterin swiped the name from a Wikipedia list of elements from science fiction.) He sent it to friends in the Bitcoin community, who passed it around. Soon a handful of programmers and businessmen around the world sought out Buterin in hopes of helping him bring it to life. Within months, a group of eight men who would become known as Ethereums founders were sharing a three-story Airbnb in Switzerland, writing code and [wooing investors](https://time.com/6140467/metaverse-real-estate/).
While some of the other founders mixed work and play—watching *Game of Thrones,* persuading friends to bring over beer in exchange for Ether IOUs—Buterin mostly kept to himself, coding away on his laptop, according to Laura Shins [recent book about the history of Ethereum, *The Cryptopians*](https://time.com/6147486/ethereum-book-cryptopians/). Over time, it became apparent that the group had very different plans for the nascent technology. Buterin wanted a decentralized open platform on which anyone could build anything. Others wanted to use the technology to create a business. One idea was to build the crypto equivalent to Google, in which Ethereum would use customer data to sell targeted ads. The men also squabbled over power and titles. One co-founder, Charles Hoskinson, appointed himself CEO—a designation that was of no interest to Buterin, who joked his title would be C-3PO, after the droid from *Star Wars.*
The ensuing conflicts left Buterin with culture shock. In the space of a few months, he had gone from a cloistered life of writing code and technical articles to a that of a decisionmaker grappling with bloated egos and power struggles. His vision for Ethereum hung in the balance. “The biggest divide was definitely that a lot of these people cared about making money. For me, that was totally not my goal,” says Buterin, whose net worth is at least $800 million, according to public records on the blockchain whose accuracy was confirmed by a spokesperson. “There were even times at the beginning where I was negotiating down the percentages of the Ether distribution that both myself and the other top-level founders would get, in order to be more egalitarian. That did make them upset.”
![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/WETHEREUM-graphic.jpg)
Buterin says the other founders tried to take advantage of his naiveté to push through their own ideas about how Ethereum should run. “People used my fear of regulators against me,” he recalls, “saying that we should have a for-profit entity because its so much simpler legally than making a nonprofit.” As tensions rose, the group implored Buterin to make a decision. In June 2014, he asked Hoskinson and Amir Chetrit, two co-founders who were pushing Ethereum to become a business, to leave the group. He then set in motion the creation of the Ethereum Foundation (EF), a nonprofit established to safeguard Ethereums infrastructure and fund research and development projects.
One by one, all the other founders peeled off over the next few years to pursue their own projects, either in tandem with Ethereum or as direct competitors. Some of them remain critical of Buterins approach. “In the dichotomy between centralization and anarchy, Ethereum seems to be going toward anarchy,” says Hoskinson, who now leads his own blockchain, Cardano. “We think theres a middle ground to create some sort of blockchain-based governance system.”
With the founders splintered, Buterin emerged as Ethereums philosophical leader. He had a seat on the EF board and the clout to shape industry trends and move markets with his public pronouncements. He even became known as “V God” in China. But he didnt exactly step into the power vacuum. “Hes not good at bossing people around,” says Aya Miyaguchi, the executive director of the EF. “From a social-navigation perspective, he was immature. Hes probably still conflict-averse,” says Danny Ryan, a lead researcher at the EF. Buterin calls his struggle to inhabit the role of an organizational leader “my curse for the first few years at Ethereum.”
Its not hard to see why. Buterin still does not present stereotypical leadership qualities when you meet him. He sniffles and stutters through his sentences, walks stiffly, and struggles to hold eye contact. He puts almost no effort into his clothing, mostly wearing Uniqlo tees or garments gifted to him by friends. His disheveled appearance has made him an easy target on social media: he [recently shared insults](https://twitter.com/VitalikButerin/status/1481737116514017282) from online hecklers who said he looked like a “Bond villain” or an “alien crackhead.”
Yet almost everyone who has a full conversation with Buterin comes away starry-eyed. Buterin is wryly funny and almost wholly devoid of pretension or ego. Hes an unabashed geek whose eyes spark when he alights upon one of his favorite concepts, whether it be quadratic voting or the governance system futarchy. Just as Ethereum is designed to be an everything machine, Buterin is an everything thinker, fluent in disciplines ranging from sociological theory to advanced calculus to [land-tax history.](https://vitalik.ca/general/2018/04/20/radical_markets.html) (Hes currently using Duolingo to learn his fifth and sixth languages.) He doesnt talk down to people, and he eschews a security detail. “An emotional part of me says that once you start going down that way, *professionalizing* is just another word for losing your soul,” he says.
![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/vitalik-buterin-ethereum-ethdenver-conference.jpg)
Buterin, seen through a monitor at ETHDenver
Benjamin Rasmussen for TIME
Alexis Ohanian, the co-founder of Reddit and a major crypto investor, says being around Buterin gives him “a similar vibe to when I first got to know Sir Tim Berners-Lee,” the inventor of the World Wide Web. “Hes very thoughtful and unassuming,” Ohanian says, “and hes giving the world some of the most powerful Legos its ever seen.”
For years, Buterin has been grappling with how much power to exercise in Ethereums decentralized ecosystem. The first major test came in 2016, when a newly created Ethereum-based fundraising body called the DAO was hacked for $60 million, which amounted at the time to more than 4% of all Ether in circulation. The hack tested the [crypto communitys values](https://time.com/6144332/the-problem-with-nfts-video/): if they truly believed no central authority should override the code governing smart contracts, then thousands of investors would simply have to eat the loss—which could, in turn, encourage more hackers. On the other hand, if Buterin chose to reverse the hack using a maneuver called a hard fork, he would be wielding the same kind of central authority as the financial systems he sought to replace.
Buterin took a middle ground. He consulted with other Ethereum leaders, wrote blog posts advocating for the hard fork, and watched as the community voted overwhelmingly in favor of that option via forums and petitions. When Ethereum developers created the fork, users and miners had the option to stick with the hacked version of the blockchain. But they overwhelmingly chose the forked version, and Ethereum quickly recovered in value.
To Buterin, the DAO hack epitomized the promise of a decentralized approach to governance. “Leadership has to rely much more on soft power and less on hard power, so leaders have to actually take into account the feelings of the community and treat them with respect,” he says. “Leadership positions arent fixed, so if leaders stop performing, the world forgets about them. And the converse is that its very easy for new leaders to rise up.”
**Over the past few years,** countless leaders have risen up in Ethereum, building all kinds of products, tokens, and subcultures. There was the ICO boom of 2017, in which venture capitalists raised billions of dollars for blockchain projects. There was DeFi summer in 2020, in which new trading mechanisms and derivative structures sent money whizzing around the world at hyperspeed. And there was last years explosion of NFTs: tradeable digital goods, like profile pictures, art collections, and sports cards, that skyrocketed in value.
Skeptics have derided the utility of NFTs, in which billion-dollar economies have been built upon the perceived digital ownership of simple images that can easily be copied and pasted. But they have rapidly become one of the most utilized components of the Ethereum ecosystem. In January, the NFT trading platform OpenSea hit a record $5 billion in monthly sales.
![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/vitalik-buterin-ethereum-ethdenver-conference-crowd.jpg)
Conference­goers line up to ask Buterin questions after his keynote
Benjamin Rasmussen for TIME
Buterin didnt predict [the rise of NFTs,](https://time.com/5947911/nft-environmental-toll/) and has watched the phenomenon with a mixture of interest and anxiety. On one hand, they have helped to turbocharge the price of Ether, which has increased more than tenfold in value over the past two years. (Disclosure: I own less than $1,300 worth of Ether, which I purchased in 2021.) But their volume has overwhelmed the network, leading to a steep rise in congestion fees, in which, for instance, bidders trying to secure a rare NFT pay hundreds of dollars extra to make sure their transactions are expedited.
**Read More:** *[NFT Art Collectors Are Playing a Risky Game—And Winning](https://time.com/6126878/nft-art-collectors/)*
The fees have undermined some of Buterins favorite projects on the blockchain. Take [Proof of Humanity](https://time.com/6142810/proof-of-humanity/), which awards a universal basic income—currently about $40 per month**—**to anyone who signs up. Depending on the week, the networks congestion fees can make pulling money out of your wallet to pay for basic needs prohibitively expensive. “With fees being the way they are today,” Buterin says, “it really gets to the point where the financial derivatives and the gambley stuff start pricing out some of the cool stuff.”
Inequities have crept into crypto in other ways, including a stark lack of gender and racial diversity. “It hasnt been among the things Ive put a lot of intellectual effort into,” Buterin admits of gender parity. “The ecosystem does need to improve there.” Hes scornful of the dominance of coin voting, a voting process for DAOs that Buterin feels is just a new version of plutocracy, one in which wealthy venture capitalists can make self-interested decisions with little resistance. “Its become a de facto standard, which is a dystopia Ive been seeing unfolding over the last few years,” he says.
These problems have sparked a backlash both inside and outside the blockchain community. [As crypto rockets](https://time.com/6111700/ether-ethereum-record-high/) toward the mainstream, its esoteric jargon, idiosyncratic culture, and financial excesses have been met with widespread disdain. Meanwhile, frustrated users are decamping to newer blockchains like Solana and BNB Chain, driven by the prospect of lower transaction fees, alternative building tools, or different philosophical values.
Buterin understands why people are moving away from Ethereum. Unlike virtually any other leader in a trillion-dollar industry, he says hes fine with it—especially given that Ethereums current problems stem from the fact that it has too many users. (Losing immense riches doesnt faze him much, either: last year, he [dumped $6 billion worth of Shiba Inu tokens](https://www.coindesk.com/markets/2021/05/17/vitalik-buterin-burns-6b-in-shib-tokens-says-he-doesnt-want-the-power/) that were gifted to him, explaining that he wanted to give some to charity, help maintain the meme coins value, and surrender his role as a “locus of power.”)
In the meantime, he and the EF—which holds almost a billion dollars worth of Ether in reserve, a representative confirmed—are taking several approaches to improve the ecosystem. Last year, they handed out $27 million to Ethereum-based projects, up from $7.7 million in 2019, to recipients including smart-contract developers and an educational conference in Lagos.
The EF research team is also working on two crucial technical updates. The first is known as the “merge,” which converts Ethereum from Proof of Work, a form of blockchain verification, to Proof of Stake, which the EF says will reduce Ethereums energy usage by [more than 99%](https://blog.ethereum.org/2021/05/18/country-power-no-more/) and make the network more secure. Buterin has been stumping for Proof of Stake since Ethereums founding, but repeated delays have turned implementation into a *Waiting for Godot*style drama. At ETHDenver, the EF researcher Danny Ryan declared that the merge would happen within the next six months, unless “something insanely catastrophic” happens. The same day, Buterin encouraged companies worried about the environmental impact to delay using Ethereum until the merge is completed—even if it “gets delayed until 2025.”
![](https://api.time.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/vitalik-buterin-ethereum-ethdenver-nft-gallery.jpg)
ETHDenver attendee Brent Burdick checks his phone in an NFT gallery room
Benjamin Rasmussen for TIME
In January, Moxie Marlinspike, co-founder of the messaging app Signal, wrote a [widely read critique](https://moxie.org/2022/01/07/web3-first-impressions.html) noting that despite its collectivist mantras, so-called web3 was already coalescing around centralized platforms. As he often does when faced with legitimate criticism, Buterin responded with a [thoughtful, detailed post](https://np.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/ryk3it/my_first_impressions_of_web3/hrrz15r/) on Reddit. “The properly authenticated decentralized blockchain world is coming, and is much closer to being here than many people think,” he wrote. “I see no technical reason why the future needs to look like the status quo today.”
Buterin is aware that cryptos utopian promises sound stale to many, and calls the race to implement sharding in the face of competition a “ticking time bomb.” “If we dont have sharding fast enough, then people might just start migrating to more centralized solutions,” he says. “And if after all that stuff happens and it still centralizes, then yes, theres a much stronger argument that theres a big problem.”
**As the technical kinks** get worked out, Buterin has turned his attention toward larger sociopolitical issues he thinks the [blockchain might solve](https://time.com/6142810/proof-of-humanity/). On his blog and on Twitter, youll find treatises on [housing](https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/12/19/bullveto.html); on [voting systems](https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/05/25/voting2.html); on the best way to distribute [public goods](https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/11/16/retro1.html); on [city building](https://vitalik.ca/general/2021/10/31/cities.html) and longevity research. While Buterin spent much of the pandemic living in Singapore, he increasingly lives as a digital nomad, writing dispatches from the road.
Those who know Buterin well have noticed a philosophical shift over the years. “Hes gone on a journey from being more sympathetic to anarcho-capitalist thinking to Georgist-type thinking,” says Glen Weyl, an economist who is one of his close collaborators, referring to a theory that holds the value of the commons should belong equally to all members of society. One of Buterins recent posts calls for the creation of a new type of NFT, based not on monetary value but on participation and identity. For instance, the allocation of votes in an organization might be determined by the commitment an individual has shown to the group, as opposed to the number of tokens they own. “NFTs can represent much more of who you are and not just what you can afford,” he [writes](https://vitalik.ca/general/2022/01/26/soulbound.html).
**Read More:** *[How Crypto Investors Are Handling Plunging Prices](https://time.com/6141028/crypto-crash-investors/)*
While Buterins blog is one of his main tools of public persuasion, his posts arent meant to be decrees, but rather intellectual explorations that invite debate. Buterin often dissects the flaws of obscure ideas he once wrote effusively about, like Harberger taxes. His blog is a model for how a leader can work through complex ideas with transparency and rigor, exposing the messy process of intellectual growth for all to see, and perhaps learn from.
Some of Buterins more radical ideas can provoke alarm. In January, he caused a minor outrage on Twitter by [advocating for synthetic wombs](https://twitter.com/vitalikbuterin/status/1483491180906045440?lang=en), which he argued could reduce the pay gap between men and women. He predicts theres a decent chance someone born today will live to be 3,000, and takes the anti-diabetes medication Metformin in the hope of slowing his bodys aging, despite [mixed studies](https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/19/well/move/an-anti-aging-pill-think-twice.html) on the drugs efficacy.
[*Subscribe to TIMEs newsletter* *Into the Metaverse* *for a weekly guide to the future of the Internet.*](https://time.com/newsletters/?newsletter_name=metaverse&source=meta_onsite) *You can find* [*past issues of the newsletter here*](https://time.com/tag/into-the-metaverse/)*.*
As governmental bodies prepare to wade into crypto—in March, [President Biden signed an Executive Order](https://time.com/6156247/biden-crypto-executive-order/) seeking a federal plan for regulating digital assets—Buterin has increasingly been sought out by politicians. At ETHDenver, he held a private conversation with Colorado Governor Jared Polis, a Democrat who supports cryptocurrencies. Buterin is anxious about cryptos political valence in the U.S., where Republicans have generally been more eager to embrace it. “Theres definitely signs that are making it seem like crypto is on the verge of becoming a right-leaning thing,” Buterin says. “If it does happen, well sacrifice a lot of the potential it has to offer.”
To Buterin, the worst-case scenario for the future of crypto is that blockchain technology ends up concentrated in the hands of dictatorial governments. He is unhappy with [El Salvadors rollout of Bitcoin](https://time.com/6103299/bitcoin-el-salvador-nayib-bukele/) as legal tender, which has been riddled with identity theft and volatility. The prospect of governments using the technology to crack down on dissent is one reason Buterin is adamant about crypto remaining decentralized. He sees the technology as the most powerful equalizer to surveillance technology deployed by governments (like Chinas) and powerful companies (like Meta) alike.
If Mark Zuckerberg shouldnt have the power to make epoch-changing decisions or control users data for profit, Buterin believes, then neither should he—even if that limits his ability to shape the future of his creation, sends some people to other blockchains, or allows others to use his platform in unsavory ways. “I would love to have an ecosystem that has lots of good crazy and bad crazy,” Buterin says. “Bad crazy is when theres just huge amounts of money being drained and all its doing is subsidizing the hacker industry. Good crazy is when theres tech work and research and development and public goods coming out of the other end. So theres this battle. And we have to be intentional, and make sure more of the right things happen.”
*—With reporting by Nik Popli and Mariah Espada/Washington*
More Must-Read Stories From TIME
---
- Moldovans Fear Theyll Be Putins Next Target. [**Their Prime Minister Is Preparing**](https://time.com/6156227/moldova-russia-ukraine-natalia-gavrilita/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20220316) for the Worst
- This Is Why [**Were Still Struggling With Anti-AAPI Hate**](https://time.com/6157617/atlanta-shootings-why-were-still-struggling-with-anti-aapi-hate/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20220316) One Year After Atlanta Shootings
- What to Know About a [**Fourth COVID-19 Vaccine Dose**](https://time.com/6157560/fourth-covid-19-vaccine-dose/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20220316)
- Evan Rachel Wood, Marilyn Manson and [**the Stories We Tell Ourselves About Iconoclastic Rock Stars**](https://time.com/6157354/phoenix-rising-evan-rachel-wood-marilyn-manson/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20220316)
- After Fleeing Ukraine, [**LGBTQ Refugees Search for Safety**](https://time.com/6156672/lgbtq-ukraine-refugees-russia/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20220316) in Countries Hostile to Their Rights
- A [**Haitian Man's Brutal Experience With U.S. Border Agents**](https://time.com/6144970/mirard-joseph-haitian-migrants-del-rio-border/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20220316) Sparked Outrage. Now He's Telling His Story
- 'Its Our Home Turf.' [**The Man On Ukraine's Digital Frontline**](https://time.com/6157308/its-our-home-turf-the-man-on-ukraines-digital-frontline/?utm_source=roundup&utm_campaign=20220316)
**Contact us** at [letters@time.com](mailto:letters@time.com?subject=(READER%20FEEDBACK)%20The%20Man%20Behind%20Ethereum%20Is%20Worried%20About%20Crypto's%20Future&body=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6158182%2Fvitalik-buterin-ethereum-profile%2F).
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# Welcome To The Vice Age: How Sex, Drugs And Gambling Help Americans Cope With Covid
## **The pandemic caused millions to lean in to good old-fashioned bad behavior. Two years later, business has never been better for cannabis, gaming and porn—and the high times are here to stay.**
---
O**n March 13, 2020,** everything changed for Doug, a 35-year-old manager at a supply chain logistics company in Chicago. He was told his offices were closed until further notice. Then the stock market took a dive, his 401K plunged, and several family members fell ill with Covid-19. As a father of four, in a house he recently bought, he was afraid for his familys future.
For Doug, the glass of wine he usually had every night to unwind turned into a whole bottle. “My alcohol consumption turned into a seven-day affair,” he says. Hed usually top it off with some THC-infused gummies. And when sporting events returned, gambling helped him assuage his fear of an uncertain future.
Doug was not alone. As stay-at-home orders swept across the country in March 2020, Americans got high, got drunk, and turned to porn in order to cope with the many fears and anxieties that were symptomatic of the pandemic. Alcohol sales in 13 states surged more than 10% that first month of lockdown while [wine sales jumped nearly 9%,](https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0255757 "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0255757") according to a study conducted by the University of Buffalo. The number of [cigarettes sold in the U.S. also increased](https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/federal-trade-commission-cigarette-report-2020-smokeless-tobacco-report-2020/p114508fy20cigarettereport.pdf "https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/documents/reports/federal-trade-commission-cigarette-report-2020-smokeless-tobacco-report-2020/p114508fy20cigarettereport.pdf") in 2020, the first time in 20 years, according to the Federal Trade Commissions [Cigarette Report](https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2021/10/ftc-report-finds-annual-cigarette-sales-increased-first-time-20 "https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/press-releases/2021/10/ftc-report-finds-annual-cigarette-sales-increased-first-time-20").
Dr. Peter Grinspoon, a primary care physician at Massachusetts General Hospital and an instructor in medicine at Harvard Medical School, saw more of his patients turn to drugs and alcohol to “blot out reality” after the start of the pandemic than the years before.
“In a perfect world, when under stress, we do yoga, eat tofu, exercise, talk to our best friend, but in reality, most of us rely on some kind of substance,” says Grinspoon, who has specialized in medical cannabis for more than 25 years. “You don't have to be a rocket scientist to understand that while people are home, bored and lonely they're going to drink and get high.”
## **Covid Lows, Cannabis Highs**
As the pandemic took an unimaginable toll on thousands of lives a day and brought the global economy to a standstill, it also helped legitimize the legal marijuana industry. With lockdowns rolling across the country in March 2020, many states deemed cannabis dispensaries “essential businesses,” meaning they could stay open along with pharmacies, grocers and liquor stores. Cannabis sales in Washington state rose 9% over the same month in 2019 to $99 million while in California, [weed sales grew by 53% over March 2019](https://mjbizdaily.com/chart-adult-use-cannabis-markets-see-uneven-impact-from-coronavirus-april-2020/ "https://mjbizdaily.com/chart-adult-use-cannabis-markets-see-uneven-impact-from-coronavirus-april-2020/") to $276 million. Several months later, on Election Day 2020, [five states passed marijuana legalization laws](https://www.forbes.com/sites/chrisroberts/2020/11/04/clean-sweep-for-marijuana-on-election-night-arizona-new-jersey-and-montana-all-legalize-recreational-cannabis/?sh=316cc02329e9 "https://www.forbes.com/sites/chrisroberts/2020/11/04/clean-sweep-for-marijuana-on-election-night-arizona-new-jersey-and-montana-all-legalize-recreational-cannabis/?sh=316cc02329e9"). Overall, the legal cannabis industry had a sky-high year in 2020: legal sales surpassed [$17.5 billion](https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2021/03/03/us-cannabis-sales-hit-record-175-billion-as-americans-consume-more-marijuana-than-ever-before/?sh=534da2e22bcf "https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2021/03/03/us-cannabis-sales-hit-record-175-billion-as-americans-consume-more-marijuana-than-ever-before/?sh=534da2e22bcf"), a 46% increase in sales over pre-pandemic 2019.
With Covid attacking respiratory systems, many longtime pot smokers made the switch to edibles. According to Headset, the Seattle-based cannabis analytics firm, sales of edibles grew by 54% across six states—California, Colorado, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon and Washington—during 2020.
---
### **CANNABIS LAWS BY STATE**
---
“In a lot of ways, Covid accelerated the cannabis industry 10 years,” says Aaron Morris, the co-founder of Clackamas, Oregon-based edibles manufacturer Wyld. “It legitimized it in a way as a mainstream coping mechanism along with alcohol.” For [Wyld, one of the countrys best-selling edibles](https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2020/09/29/meet-wyld-the-edible-that-devoured-america/?sh=29f799f4412c "https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2020/09/29/meet-wyld-the-edible-that-devoured-america/?sh=29f799f4412c") brands, the pandemic put the company into overdrive. “Sales got crazy,” says Morris. “It was like toilet paper—edibles flew off the shelves.”
Morris says the pandemic spiked Wyld sales by 20%, but the uptick never slowed. Instead, sales were “boosted permanently,” he says. As a new normal took hold, the only fluctuations Wyld saw in sales were when stimulus checks went out. “Every time the government sent out checks, sales went on steroids for 30 days,” says Morris.
In 2019, Wyld generated $25 million in sales and by the end of 2020, it sold $64 million of its natural fruit gummies. By the end of last year, the company nearly topped $110 million in sales.
Morris is obviously pleased with how the company performed, but not surprised. “Everyone loves cannabis, everyone's at home, you aren't socializing, so what are you going to do on a Tuesday night or a Friday night?” says Morris. “Everyone just got lit.”
---
### **HIGHER AND HIGHER**
### Annual state cannabis sales have grown rapidly and consistently since 2019.
---
In the United States, annual cannabis sales hit $25 billion in 2021, a 43% increase over 2020. Sales in Florida, where only medical marijuana is legal, and sales in Illinois, which has both medical and adult-use, jumped 70% from 2020 to 2021. In Massachusetts, sales increased 85% during the same period.
Despite the growth of edibles, marijuana flower sales didnt slow down either. For Emily Paxhia, cofounder of cannabis investment fund Poseidon, what sticks out to her from the past two years is the rise in pre-roll sales. Joint sales shot up 47% from April 2020 to October 2021 in California, Colorado, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon and Washington.
Paxhia believes a touch of nihilism is driving this statistic. “I think the pandemic shortened the timeline of how we view and how we live our lives to be focused on today, tomorrow versus what's happening in five to 10 years,” she says. “Why not just live now and live well now?”
## **Betting Against Covid**
The start of the pandemic hit the gaming industry hard, and as travel restrictions expanded globally, Covid looked like a losing proposition for the house. Casinos across the U.S. shuttered for months due to stay-at-home orders. In Nevada, the countrys gambling mecca, gross gaming revenue dropped from $12 billion in 2019 to $7.8 billion in 2020. But when vaccines became available and Covid restrictions eased, Americans flocked to Sin City and [regional state casinos](https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2020/10/19/local-las-vegas-gamblers-are-bright-spot-for-casinos-in-sin-city/?sh=11678c861628 "https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2020/10/19/local-las-vegas-gamblers-are-bright-spot-for-casinos-in-sin-city/?sh=11678c861628") as gambling became a way for the country to let loose after the height of the pandemic. By the end of 2021, Nevada reported a 10-month winning streak of more than $1 billion in monthly gambling revenue and [an annual record of $13.4 billion](https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2022/01/27/nevada-hits-all-time-record-of-134-billion-in-gambling-revenue-in-2021/ "https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2022/01/27/nevada-hits-all-time-record-of-134-billion-in-gambling-revenue-in-2021/"), an 11.6% increase over pre-pandemic levels.
“People were cooped up for, depending on their risk tolerance, six months to two years,” says Colin Mansfield, an analyst who covers gaming and leisure at Fitch Ratings. “There was a time when there was not much to do from an entertainment perspective except go to a casino. After the shutdown people wanted to go out and have a good time and spend some money.”
---
### **THE MONEY LINES**
### Annual state gambling revenue has recovered from the pandemic thanks to pent-up demand and the rise in mobile betting and iGaming.
---
And as states were eager for more tax revenue, many pushed through laws to get mobile sports betting programs off the ground. In 2018, there were eight states with legal sports betting and by the end of 2021, 31 states had legal markets with 18 launching mobile sports gambling.
New York, which launched its mobile sports betting program in early January 2022, [surpassed $1 billion in wagers](https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2022/02/04/new-york-tops-16-billion-in-mobile-sports-betting-in-january/ "https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2022/02/04/new-york-tops-16-billion-in-mobile-sports-betting-in-january/") in the first two *weeks* of legalization, double the amount sportsbooks took in on The Las Vegas Strip in all of December. By the last week of February, New York bettors had wagered a total of $3.1 billion since the program launched, translating into $204.6 million in gross gaming revenue and $104.3 million in tax revenue.
Mansfield says the pandemic gambling boom is far from over. The industry is growing as more states are legalizing sports betting and the broader casino market is also expanding. “Were not forecasting any strong pullback in gaming revenues,” he says. “People like to gamble. I don't think that's really going away at all.”
Over time, gambling has made the leap from a vice that cities and states wanted to hide on riverboats and away from big cities to placing it in the center of major entertainment districts. The combination of the pandemic and the expansion of mobile sports betting brought gambling to the “mainstream conversation,” says Mansfield. “You can't watch a game anymore without hearing about gambling.”
Gaming may be on a serious roll right now, but few are thinking about the long-term consequences. Bill Krackomberger, a veteran professional sports gambler, grew up in the seedier edges of the industry among loan sharks and underground bookies. Legalization of sports betting is a good thing, no doubt, but Krackomberger feels uneasy about how quickly an addictive pastime has gone mainstream.
“We're going to see a fallout in about 10 years, not just among regular degenerates,” says Krackomberger. “I'm talking with doctors, lawyers, professionals, Wall Street guys, youll see—you won't be able to get into a Gamblers Anonymous meeting.”
---
### **LEGAL SPORTS BETTING IN THE U.S.**
---
## **Porn This Way**
When the pandemic hit in March 2020, Maya Morena, an adult film performer and sex worker living in New York, knew she had to stop meeting clients. The respectable and polite ones disappeared, and it seemed like the only johns willing to pay for sex and risk getting Covid were the “scummy ones.” So, Morena, like millions of other workers in America, started doing business online—she began treating her OnlyFans page like a full-time job.
By the end of that first month, Morena says she made $4,800 producing and selling erotic videos on the U.K.-based streaming platform best known as [the billion-dollar tech company that porn built](https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2021/08/20/why-onlyfans-will-never-shed-its-reputation-for-sexually-explicit-content/?sh=53a43b875f58 "https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2021/08/20/why-onlyfans-will-never-shed-its-reputation-for-sexually-explicit-content/?sh=53a43b875f58"). By January 2021, Morena, who is originally from Honduras, was making $6,000 a month on OnlyFans. As the pandemic wore on and she advertised her page and recruited new customers, she saw her business boom again. By September of last year, she hit $12,000 for the month.
Of course, the idea that anyone can launch an OnlyFans page and start reeling in money by showing a little skin is a lie, Morena says. It requires a lot of hard work. The number of paying users and content creators joining adult streaming platforms like OnlyFans, FanCentro, IsMyGirl, ManyVids, and others, is exploding but only the most dedicated creators can make a living. “Its a thriving economy that's ruthlessly competitive,” says Morena.
For [OnlyFans](https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2021/06/16/the-shady-secret-history-of-onlyfans-billionaire-owner/?sh=79b8cb0b5c17 "https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2021/06/16/the-shady-secret-history-of-onlyfans-billionaire-owner/?sh=79b8cb0b5c17"), the pandemic helped it become one of the biggest social media platforms seemingly overnight with more than 180 million users and more than 2 million content creators who have earned a collective $5 billion by selling subscriptions to content. In 2019, it had 348,000 creators and 13.5 million users. In 2020, OnlyFans grew revenue by 540%, hitting $400 million.
The popularity of OnlyFans, which has attracted a diverse group of creators from a former pastor to porn stars like Sophie Dee to celebrities like Cardi B, has given birth to [a whole new adult-rated streaming economy](https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2021/08/27/inside-the-390-million-battle-for-onlyfans-insatiable-audience/?sh=5643f84a1b86 "https://www.forbes.com/sites/willyakowicz/2021/08/27/inside-the-390-million-battle-for-onlyfans-insatiable-audience/?sh=5643f84a1b86").
---
### **NAKED AMBITION**
### Since 2019, the number of content creators on OnlyFans has increased nearly sixfold, while the number of users has expanded by a factor of 13.
---
Evan Seinfeld, the Brooklyn-born second cousin of comedian Jerry Seinfeld, who launched the online adult content platform IsMyGirl in 2017, says the pandemic turbocharged his business. In 2019, Seinfeld had 500,000 users on his platform and 8,000 creators. By the end of 2020, 25,000 creators signed up and 1.5 million users joined. Today, the site hosts 2.5 million users and 50,000 creators, who collectively make millions of dollars a month.
“Everybody's business is booming and growing,” says Seinfeld. “When people are alone in the house, people crave stimulus, they crave stimulation, they crave sexual excitement.”
While many sex workers and performers may have first joined a site out of desperation, he says, many eventually realized that selling erotic content to lonesome people stuck at home was a sustainable business.
Adds Seinfeld: “A lot of people needed a pandemic to realize that people who aren't paying your bills don't really have a right to have an opinion about how you earn your living.”
Or enjoy life.
Two years into the pandemic, Doug from Chicago is doing better financially—no other industry was in more demand than supply chain logistics—but he held onto some of his new vices, which he describes as “comforts.” Before the pandemic, he was trying to live a healthier life and moderate his food, drug, and alcohol intake. But his perspective has changed—happiness, not moderation, is part of his new approach.
“Im enjoying the comfortability of my life,” says Doug. “Does it come with a few asterisks? Yes. But were not going to live forever.”
### **MORE FROM FORBES**
[MORE FROM FORBESHow HCA Healthcare's 'Conservative' Covid Strategy Reaped DividendsBy Katie Jennings](https://www.forbes.com/sites/katiejennings/2022/03/14/how-hca-healthcares-conservative-covid-strategy-reaped-dividends/) [MORE FROM FORBESHome On The RoadBy Michael del Castillo](https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeldelcastillo/2022/03/13/home-on-the-road/) [MORE FROM FORBESCovid Year Three Will Be Better, Experts Agree, Unless Rich Countries Ignore The Pandemic ElsewhereBy Alex Knapp](https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2022/03/10/public-health-experts-discuss-what-to-expect-from-the-next-phase-of-the-pandemic/) [MORE FROM FORBESHow Covid Changed Business Travel ForeverBy Suzanne Rowan Kelleher](https://www.forbes.com/sites/suzannerowankelleher/2022/03/12/covid-changed-business-travel/)
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# What happened to Starbucks? How a progressive company lost its way
In Midtown Manhattan, on the ground floor of an office building, theres a coffee shop thats easy to miss. When you walk in, theres no menu, just a metal riser supporting drinks waiting to be picked up, and in back, some plush banquettes and tables. Display cases are stocked with tidy packs of sushi and sandwiches, and shelves feature gas-station staples like Red Bull and Kettle chips. To access any of this, you pass through a turnstile that scans your palm and logs into your Amazon account. The coffee and food can be paid for without uttering a word to anybody. A sign by the door suggests, “Start with the apps.”
Marketed as “a completely different Starbucks built on effortless convenience” when it opened last November, this store—called [Starbucks Pickup with Amazon Go](https://www.fastcompany.com/90698438/starbucks-and-amazon-team-up-on-their-first-store-what-was-starbucks-thinking)—is the first of three that the coffee company plans to debut in New York. It is also a striking symbol of Starbuckss quiet brand transformation from warm gathering spot to tech-enabled caffeine depot and of the challenges the company faces today. Starbucks clearly recognizes that its at an inflection point: The company [announced](https://stories.starbucks.com/press/2022/starbucks-announces-leadership-transition/) yesterday that its CEO of five years, Kevin Johnson, is stepping down. (Starbuckss stock rose 7% on the news.)
In the 1990s, Starbucks began to position itself as “the third place,” a spot between home and work where customers could find comfort, community, and good coffee. The notion had been inspired by longtime CEO Howard Schultzs visit to Milans convivial espresso bars in the late 1980s, and Starbucks has exported the experience widely, operating 34,000 stores in 84 markets. The company built upon this ethos to provide employees with “a welcoming and uplifting third place” as well, one that over the years has included generous policies such as healthcare benefits for part-time employees, a purposefully inclusive workplace, free college tuition, and paid parental leave.
Along the way, Starbucks has gotten gargantuan. It has become the third-largest global restaurant chain, after Subway and McDonalds, although its growing faster than either. The company plans to add 2,000 stores this year, many of them in China, an explosive market—the companys second largest—where, since 2020, its been opening a new store every 15 hours. If youd invested $10,000 during Starbuckss initial public offering in 1992, today it would be worth north of $3 million.
But even before the pandemic hit, the traditional third place was slipping as a priority for the company. To-go orders represented 80% of transactions in 2019. One-fifth of orders were being placed through the mobile app. Cold beverages, inherently more portable than hot, were outselling hot drinks. The communal nature of the cafés was eroding, and with it Starbuckss brand identity. Leading into 2020, executives at the company, which declined all interview requests for this article, were already casually hinting at plans to “reinvent” or “reimagine” the third place concept.
At the same time, Starbuckss relationship with its employees was changing too, brought on by forces both within and outside its control. Asserting that their wages were too low and worker safety was being neglected, [baristas in Buffalo started organizing](https://www.fastcompany.com/90714672/how-do-workers-take-on-a-national-chain-like-starbucks-one-store-at-a-time) last summer. In the seven months, partners at more than 140 Starbucks stores in 27 states have filed petitions for union votes, making it one of the fastest-moving union drives in U.S. history.
But this isnt a coal mine in Alabama, or a Nabisco plant, or an Amazon warehouse. This is Starbucks, the longtime bastion of progressive capitalism, the progenitor of groundbreaking people-first policies, the first company to offer stock to even part-time employees. (Thats why Starbucks calls its baristas “partners.”) Employees arent supposed to rise up against a company like this. Then again, coffee shops arent supposed to ask for your biometric data. How did Starbucks get to this point, and how much further can it go while retaining any shred of its original brand DNA?
![](https://images.fastcompany.net/image/upload/w_596,c_limit,q_auto:best,f_auto/wp-cms/uploads/2022/03/i-1-starbucks.jpg)
\[Illustration: [Matt Chase\]](https://chasematt.com/)
Schultz, who is returning to become interim CEO until an official successor to Johnson is announced in the fall, indicated in [a statement](https://stories.starbucks.com/press/2022/starbucks-announces-leadership-transition/) that hes aware of the issues: “Although I did not plan to return to Starbucks, I know the company must transform once again to meet a new and exciting future where all of our stakeholders mutually flourish.”
Yet Schultzs involvement [hasnt exactly been a boon](https://www.cnn.com/2021/11/09/business/howard-schultz-starbucks/index.html) thus far to the companys employee relations, and the market pressures that Starbucks has to contend with will remain intense, meaning that extreme tech-driven efficiency measures are probably here to stay.
“Theyve done about all they can do,” says Stephanie Link, chief investment strategist at Hightower Advisors. “But the stock has languished \[recently\] because it is an expensive stock, and youre not getting the results that we used to, given the macro” (Wall Streets term for underlying trends such as the pandemic and inflation that, lately anyway, have roiled markets). She adds that Johnson delivered high-single-digit total revenues, which “was impressive,” but it still amounted to “running on a treadmill just to stay still.”
On a Saturday afternoon in February, as I studied how to register my palm on the kiosk so that the turnstiles biometric scanner would allow me into the Starbucks-Amazon store, a woman and man walked in behind me.
“Whoa,” said the man, the way someone does when they fear theyve been caught trespassing. They approached the counter, but the barista explained they couldnt order from him. They needed to open the Starbucks mobile app, find this particular store (59th Street between Park and Lexington), and complete their order there.
“Right now, the wait is probably going to be about 15 minutes,” the barista added.
The couple briefly gave this some thought, then retreated out the door.
---
Last years shareholder meeting marked Starbuckss 50th anniversary. Due to COVID-19, it was entirely virtual. “Weve positioned Starbucks for the inevitable Great Human Reconnection that is about to unfold,” president and CEO Kevin Johnson said to the camera, using the term hes coined for societys return to post-pandemic life. He was standing in Starbuckss Tryer Center, the technology lab he built at the Seattle headquarters after replacing Schultz in 2017. Its where Starbucks develops Deep Brew, the semi-omniscient artificial intelligence platform that became a focus of his.
Johnson, previously an IBM engineer, a Microsoft executive who oversaw Windows, the CEO of networking and security firm Juniper Networks, and son of a Los Alamos theoretical physicist, was nothing if not a numbers guy. “I leverage data to help inform decisions,” he [once explained](https://hbr.org/2019/09/starbucks-ceo-kevin-johnson-on-work-joy-and-yes-coffee) when asked to contrast his style with Schultzs. (Schultz tends to [trust his gut](https://www.fastcompany.com/3046890/the-inside-story-of-starbuckss-race-together-campaign-no-foam).) And he was a good one: Under Johnsons tenure as CEO, Starbuckss stock rose by more than 50%.
Johnson [asserted](https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_downloads/doc_events_attach/2021/03/Starbucks-Corporation-Annual-Meeting-VSM_3-17-2021.pdf) during 2021s annual meeting that Starbucks is “more resilient and stronger today than we were pre-pandemic,” success he attributed to a methodical “plan to reinvent the Starbucks experience” by reconfiguring stores, increasing efficiency, and analyzing Deep Brews data. Deep Brew is [the brains behind](https://stories.starbucks.com/stories/2020/how-starbucks-plans-to-use-technology-to-nurture-the-human-spirit/) the Starbucks mobile app, which is so popular that in recent years it has handled more mobile payments than Apple Pay or Google Pay.
Deep Brew logs order histories, geolocations, and birthdays. It attempts to tweak consumer behavior: If your stores busy, it may encourage you to prepay, or offer you a coupon for an Americano instead of your usual complicated latte. It also helps Starbucks juggle staff schedules, inventory levels, machine maintenance, even store expansion. Customers seem to like it, particularly during a pandemic; mobile ordering jumped 8% last year.
“These were strategic plans we put in place long ago, which we accelerated to meet this moment,” Johnson told investors during last Marchs meeting. After taking the helm, he had explained that the companys approach has been “to honor the mission, values, and attributes that create that special Starbucks experience while boldly reinventing for the future,” adding: “Hasnt this very moment put that philosophy into practice?”
Starbucks has also brought in outside consultants, such as Aaron Allen of Aaron Allen & Associates, to help fine-tune efficiency in other areas, such as drive-through times. A bottleneck that emerged was “food offerings that were eight or nine syllables.” Allen explains: “Starbucks has taught us to rattle off drink orders like Iced Venti Nonfat Latte with an extra shot. That made sense inside stores, where they didnt want customers saying, Give me the #1.'” But in the drive-through, Starbucks learned that extra syllables can cause delays. Menu boards now feature large, helpful visuals and paired food and beverage items to help simplify and expedite orders.
But employees I interviewed who are organizing (no employees I met in the other camp were willing to speak on the record) said that Starbucks has shown less willingness to adjust processes and procedures to make their jobs easier. Staffing has been a point of tension. A long-standing policy at the company is that one barista should be able to finish 10 customer orders—take payment, prepare the drinks, cook any food, and hand everything off—in 30 minutes. Some baristas argue that the expectation is outdated. They say the push toward mobile ordering has actually made some things more difficult. Consumers no longer face the baristas glare when ordering a 14-ingredient TikTok-famous drink; the Starbucks app judges them not. Starbucks has even fueled this behavior by unleashing increasingly elaborate seasonal drinks: Recall the deluge of color-changing [Unicorn](https://stories.starbucks.com/stories/2017/starbucks-unicorn-frappuccino/), [Mermaid](https://twitter.com/StarbucksMex/status/900041177248018433), [Zombie](https://stories.starbucks.com/press/2017/starbucks-zombie-frappuccino/), and [Pegasus](https://www.teenvogue.com/story/starbucks-pink-pegasus-frappuccino-disneyland) Frappuccinos.
During the pandemic, says Sara Mughal, a shift supervisor who is on her New Jersey stores organizing committee, while she and her colleagues were appealing to Starbucks to provide N95 masks, reinstall plastic sneeze guards, and add more shifts, her team was also wrestling with drinks that seem to grow increasingly more convoluted. Her store asked for another partner to be put on drink-making duty. They received a large digital monitor instead, like the one that greets customers at the Starbucks Pickup with Amazon Go store. People can see their drink orders place in the line. But it has to be manually updated, by a barista already working the backlogged bar, via an iPad on top of the espresso machine.
“We have built meaningful relationships with fellow coffee-lovers,” Mughals organizing committee wrote in [a letter](https://twitter.com/SBWorkersUnited/status/1480905139879878657) to Johnson in January. “What theyve instead been getting with more frequency lately is a rushed order, thrown together by a team of baristas struggling to balance an unreasonable amount of tasks all at once. Youve encouraged us to build connections in our communities but arent sharing with us the means to do so.”
> If the people who are serving the customer are not happy, committed, and passionate about what theyre doing, the whole experience is going to suck.”
Jeffrey Hollender, cofounder of the American Sustainable Business Network and former CEO of Seventh Generation
“Im a Starbucks customer, and in my opinion the customer experience has deteriorated significantly over the last two to four years,” says Jeffrey Hollender, cofounder of the American Sustainable Business Council and former CEO of Seventh Generation. “AI is not going to change that. If the people who are serving the customer are not happy, committed, and passionate about what theyre doing, the whole experience is going to suck.”
The idea of digitizing the third place is particularly jarring to Scott Bedbury, who developed the third place concept as Starbuckss first chief marketing officer in the 1990s. (Before that, as Nikes ad director, he created the slogan “Just Do It.”) At the time, Starbucks was on an expansion tear, gobbling up strip-mall real estate with tons of square footage that needed a unifying theme. Part of Bedburys job was figuring out how to define that space. In 1996, his team held a series of focus groups. Rather than being shown café mock-ups, respondents were told to close their eyes and envision the best coffee experience they could possibly fathom. “We would ask them, What do you see as you step inside this place? Do you hear music? What do you taste? What do you touch?'” Bedbury recalls. “Then finally, When this coffee experience is as good as it can possibly be, it cant be any better, what do you feel?'”
![](https://images.fastcompany.net/image/upload/w_596,c_limit,q_auto:best,f_auto/wp-cms/uploads/2022/03/i-starbucks-Third-Place-Diagram-1996.png)
Former Starbucks CMO **Scott Bedbury** shared this photo of his teams whiteboard following a big “third place” strategy session in 1996. **Jerome Conlon**, the companys VP of brand planning, category development and consumer insights at the time, had been wielding the marker. \[Photo: Scott Bedbury\]
He and Jerome Conlon, Starbuckss then-branding VP, combed through these coffee shop fantasies for patterns. “The word we kept coming back to was *stimulating*,” he says, but not in the caffeine sense: “The feeling of being stimulated by the sounds, sights, smells, and connections of the café.” This wasnt home, it wasnt work; it was a moldable space in between. Bedbury shared with me a photo of the grease board where these ideas were diagrammed. In the middle, it says The 3rd place. Coming off that are words like Oasis, Sanctuary, and Meditation. Some create word chains like Laughter → comedy??, Romance → time → slow down, and Spiritual → Deepak → not too heavy → not cultish.
Bedbury has since come to view the inexorable march online as a force to divide, not unite, society. “We look at what the digital world has done to this place that used to be sacred ground between places one and two, and now we find ourselves in a fourth place,” he tells me. “Its always on, it never stops, its addictive, and its overwhelming us.”
---
Americas burgeoning labor movement is creating an uncomfortable situation for companies that tout a progressive ethos. REI, for example, the outdoor apparel company and customer-owned cooperative beloved by liberals, faced a union vote earlier this year: CEO Eric Artz and chief diversity officer Wilma Wallace taped a 30-minute anti-union [podcast](https://our.rei.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/REI_Transcript_v02_220203.pdf) in February that began with them declaring their pronouns and apologizing for occupying Indigenous land. Employees voted to unionize anyway.
But market analysts are [calling Starbucks](https://www.cnbc.com/2022/01/28/young-starbucks-baristas-are-powering-a-growing-push-to-unionize.html) “the canary in the coal mine.” Johnson [said](https://stories.starbucks.com/stories/2020/a-message-from-starbucks-ceo-kevin-johnson-our-2019-impact) in June 2020, “We invest in people—especially our partners, so they in turn can support people in the communities we serve.” Yet the organizing workers say that Starbucks has tried to frustrate their efforts by closing stores, cutting hours, holding captive-audience meetings, and firing some of their leaders—tactics that companies like Walmart and Amazon have employed in response to union drives. This week, the National Labor Relations Board also issued its first [formal complaint](https://apps.nlrb.gov/IssuedDocument/YOOHM6SZ1O6BCDP5EBWB3Y4ZYWYOUCCDYH2PRYTFGMMSVK34CBT63BE6GV4JDJGN50AB1205) against Starbucks, saying it had illegally retaliated against two baristas who are organizing in Phoenix.
Even investors are calling Starbucks out: A group led by Trillium Asset Management and Parnassus Investments has written [two](https://www.trilliuminvest.com/news-views/trillium-pushes-starbucks-on-respecting-the-right-to-organize-and-collectively-bargain) [open letters](https://www.trilliuminvest.com/documents/sbux-investor-letter-march-15-2022-public) to Starbucks executives. “One reason weve invested in the company is they do have a very strong ESG story,” Jonas Kron, Trilliums chief advocacy officer, tells me, referencing Starbuckss strong environmental, social, and governance initiatives. “But we are concerned they could potentially undermine decades worth of work over the course of a few weeks” with the response to recent labor challenges. Fifty-three investors, representing $1.3 trillion in assets, signed the first letter, in December. More than 75 signed the one in March, representing $3.4 trillion.
> Every day, customers come in and want to talk about the union.”
Meridian Stiller, a Richmond, Virginia-area Starbucks barista
Baristas who are organizing tell me that unionization is the most frequent topic on both sides of the bar. “Every day, customers come in and want to talk about the union,” says Meridian Stiller, a Richmond, Virginia-area partner who is on their stores organizing committee. “Writing Union Yes on cups is like the new Race Together,'” Stiller jokes, referring to [the companys well-meaning but widely mocked 2015 initiative](https://www.fastcompany.com/3046890/the-inside-story-of-starbuckss-race-together-campaign-no-foam) that encouraged baristas to write those words on cups to stimulate a national conversation about race.
Rick Wartzman, director of the Drucker Institutes KH Moon Center for a Functioning Society and author of *The End of Loyalty*, a book chronicling the erosion of the relationship between companies and their workers, says that “Starbucks did a great job of promoting the image that its better than most employers, but now that the curtain has been pulled back by their own workforce, it should serve as a cautionary tale for those of us who tend to reflexively say, This company is good, and this company is bad.'” Wartzman says the lesson isnt that Starbucks is bad, “its that Starbucks is now typical.”
By many measures, Starbucks is an equitable and generous employer. According to the companys latest [environmental and social impact report](https://stories.starbucks.com/stories/2021/gesi-report-2020-people/), 69% of its workforce is female, and 47% is minority. Executive compensation is tied to achieving diversity benchmarks, and the company pairs BIPOC managers with a corporate executive as part of a mentorship program. It boasts a 100 rating on the Human Rights Campaigns Corporate Equality Index, and 100 on the Disability Equality Index. To date, its hired more than 26,000 veterans, and is more than a quarter of the way to meeting its goal of hiring 10,000 refugees by 2022 to “provid\[e\] a Third Place of respite for those around the world who seek it.”
But most of these initiatives are several years old. Since they launched, other companies have not just copied but advanced them. For instance, today Starbuckss [College Achievement Plan](https://www.starbucks.com/careers/working-at-starbucks/education/)—the first of its kind back in 2014—is less comprehensive than new programs offered by [Walmart](https://corporate.walmart.com/newsroom/2021/07/27/walmart-to-pay-100-of-college-tuition-and-books-for-associates), [Amazon](https://www.amazoncareerchoice.com/home), and [Target](https://corporate.target.com/article/2021/08/target-tuition-assistance).
The companys health plan seems less radical today as well. If an entry-level barista working 20-hour weeks chooses Starbuckss recommended plan, 7.5% of their pay will go toward the monthly premiums, then up to another 6.8% to deductibles. The Commonwealth Fund [says](https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/fund-reports/2022/jan/state-trends-employer-premiums-deductibles-2010-2020) that a person who spends 5% of their income on the deductible alone is “underinsured,” meaning their coverage is inadequate and could cause financial hardship.
![](https://images.fastcompany.net/image/upload/w_596,c_limit,q_auto:best,f_auto/wp-cms/uploads/2022/03/i-2-starbucks.jpg)
\[Illustration: [Matt Chase\]](https://chasematt.com/)
When it comes to workplace policies, the Harvard Kennedy Schools Shift Project, which does extensive tracking of service-industry work, says Starbucks is above average on some metrics (e.g., likelier than McDonalds or Dunkin to give employees at least two weeks notice on work schedules), but well below average on others (e.g., changing schedules at the last minute). The Shift Project says Starbucks also hasnt ended the dreaded “clopening,” a shift where a worker closes their store at night, then returns a few hours later to reopen it. The company [vowed to end](https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/15/us/starbucks-to-revise-work-scheduling-policies.html) this practice in 2014, but Shift Project director Daniel Schneider tells me 30% of partners say theyre still doing at least one clopening per month.
Then there are wages. After organizing efforts shifted into high gear, Starbucks [announced](https://stories.starbucks.com/press/2021/starbucks-makes-historic-investments-in-its-partners/) that it was making “historic investments in its partners,” including raising the wage floor to $15 an hour by this coming summer. However, $15 is what activists called a “living wage” in 2012, and its what Amazon started paying fulfillment-center workers [back in 2018](https://www.aboutamazon.com/impact/economy/15-minimum-wage?tag=wwwfccom-20). The [MIT Living Wage Calculator](https://livingwage.mit.edu/) says that a single adult needs to earn at least $20 an hour to meet todays minimum standard of living in New York City, $23 in the Bay Area, and $19 in Seattle. To sustain themselves in Americas most affordable county (Orangeburg, South Carolina), workers need to earn at least $14.50 an hour, according to the Economic Policy Institutes latest [Family Budget Calculator](https://www.epi.org/resources/budget/).
Meanwhile, Starbuckss 2021 revenue was $29 billion. The companys [annual report](https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000829224/000120677422000270/sbux3974881-def14a.htm) revealed that Johnson still received a nearly 40% pay bump, even though shareholders [voted against it](https://www.wsj.com/articles/starbucks-shareholders-reject-executive-pay-proposal-11616020313). During the pandemic, Schultz reportedly [became 50% richer](https://americansfortaxfairness.org/wp-content/uploads/Washington-State-Billionaires-Report-2-2-21-1.pdf); hes now said to be worth more than $4 billion. The chain also [plans to hike prices](https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/01/business/starbucks-prices.html) again soon, for the third time since October, and last fall [pledged](https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-28/starbucks-pledges-20-billion-in-payouts-as-sales-miss-estimates) $20 billion in stock buybacks and dividends, money that partners like Stiller, in Virginia, note could have replenished catastrophe pay, beefed up personal protective equipment, or helped stores find creative ways to recapture their sense of a third place.
Stiller has stopped waiting for Starbucks to foster any sense of fellowship: “Partners miss that sense of community, and we feel pretty strongly that a union is a community.”
---
Starbucks launched an initiative in 2015 to open more cafés in underrepresented neighborhoods, to demonstrate that “it wasnt the coffee we were selling, it was the sense of community,” as Schultz [put it](https://www.thestreet.com/investing/stocks/former-starbucks-ceo-howard-schultz-slams-politicians-14586702). The first of these Community Stores, as they were known, was located in Jamaica, Queens. It featured an on-site job-training area and partnerships with two local nonprofits.
Fourteen more Community Stores followed, and investors started to bristle. “We are asked, Why is Starbucks opening stores in Bedford-Stuyvesant? Were not in the charity business,'” Schultz said after Brooklyns first Community Store opened several miles from the public housing project where he grew up. “There is so much of a focus on quarterly earnings, but we learned we had to make a deposit early in goodwill.”
Starbucks opened a second Community Store [in Ferguson, Missouri](https://stories.starbucks.com/stories/2016/meet-the-partners-of-starbucks-ferguson-store/), less than two years after the killing of Michael Brown provoked serious unrest there.
“When I arrived in Ferguson, I immediately felt the benefit of being at a community café,” says [Cordell Lewis, the stores first manager](https://www.fastcompany.com/40438365/starbucks-is-bringing-hope-and-profit-to-the-communities-americas-forgotten). It partnered with the Urban League to give job training to almost 400 individuals in the community, Michael Browns uncle worked as a barista, and the café sought to sell products from local purveyors such as Natalies Cakes and More. By 2017, Starbucks was describing the Ferguson store as “a blueprint for the future.”
> Going out into the community, showing up at different events—Starbucks did the right things to build those early relationships.”
Ella Jones, mayor of Ferguson, Missouri
“Cordell laid a great foundation,” recalls Ferguson Mayor Ella Jones. “Going out into the community, showing up at different events—Starbucks did the right things to build those early relationships.”
Lewis moved up to district manager in 2019, overseeing 11 Starbucks cafés in the St. Louis area. Then the pandemic hit. He applauds Starbucks for extending catastrophe pay to sick workers. And he says that managers received thousands of dollars in quarterly bonuses even if the stores werent thriving. But “Starbucks really got caught with their”—he pauses, then restarts: “Hopefully theyre thinking about what their operational processes look like. I get that at the end of the day their business is to increase profits. But the whole third place concept where people come in, sit for hours, have meetings? That piece is gone.”
Lewis, who left Starbucks in January to become the general manager of a furniture store, believes the organizing effort got real in early 2021, when Seattle ended catastrophe pay and told baristas “Its time to return to business as usual.'”
Starbucks has opened eight new Community Stores since its original round of 15, and recently [promised](https://www.qsrmagazine.com/fast-food/starbucks-open-1000-community-stores-2030) to build 1,000 by 2030. However, key executives behind the initiative have left, all while Starbucks continues to invest heavily in “new formats that reimagine the third place experience”—for instance, by opening 42 mobile-order-only Starbucks Pickup stores since 2019. Meanwhile in Ferguson, Starbucks stopped selling Natalies Cakes and had retired Lewiss Urban League job-training program before the pandemic even started.
“All the original programs, from my understanding, have kind of dwindled away,” Lewis says. “I dont know who owns that, in Seattle or at the local level. But it wasnt for lack of effort on the store managers end.” For an organization as large and smart as Starbucks, he says, “we could have shown up differently. Maybe virtual partnerships. Or at least kept the communication lines open during the pandemic by checking in. Because, hell, thats what the rest of the world did.”
Other Community Stores have shared similar fates. Trenton, New Jerseys store was recently redistricted after failing to hit sales targets. Bedford-Stuyvesants, which occupies a space that belonged for 40 years to the discount store Fat Albert, a neighborhood institution, is now covered in graffiti. On a recent visit, I saw only two patrons inside.
On the same day, three blocks down at Bushwick Grind, a community-focused coffee shop run by a local couple, the tables were all taken and a barista explained what goes into the “sea moss smoothie.” Shelves inside stock goods from neighborhood businesses, including sea moss purveyor [DrSeaMoss](https://www.instagram.com/drseamosscafe/?hl=en). Outside is a community fridge where at 4 oclock workers place leftover food. The store is getting ready to open an urban garden with help from Together We Thrive, a local nonprofit that aids Black-owned businesses.
Pandemic or not, the third place exists. People will always want somewhere to gather. No one needs a green siren to call them.
&emsp;
&emsp;
---
`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`

@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
---
dg-publish: true
Alias: [""]
Tag: ["Human", "Behaviour", "Music"]
Date: 2022-03-19
DocType: "WebClipping"
Hierarchy:
TimeStamp: 2022-03-19
Link: https://www.vice.com/en/article/g5q3gm/why-listen-music-lyrics-dont-understand-sound-songs-foreign-language-macarena-despacito
location:
CollapseMetaTable: Yes
---
Parent:: [[@News|News]]
Read:: [[2022-03-20]]
---
&emsp;
```button
name Save
type command
action Save current file
id Save
```
^button-WhyWeListentoMusicWithLyricsWeDontUnderstandNSave
&emsp;
# Why We Listen to Music With Lyrics We Dont Understand
When words fail, music speaks—even when it comes with lyrics listeners dont necessarily understand. Photo: electravk, Getty Images
From [French electronic](https://www.vice.com/en/article/xg87dd/film-noir-tendrement-spotify-playlist) and [Japanese indie](https://www.vice.com/en/article/a3nm55/the-top-10-most-insanely-awesome-looking-japanese-artists-ever) to [K-pop](https://www.vice.com/en/topic/k-pop) and Spanish jazz, its common for people to listen to songs they dont necessarily understand. Not knowing the language of the lyrics, it seems, doesnt stop people from liking—and sometimes even singing along to—a song. Cue “Macarena” by Los del Río, or, uh, “Despacito” by Luis Fonsi feat. Daddy Yankee, later popularized by Justin Bieber (who [doesnt speak Spanish](https://www.insider.com/justin-bieber-imitates-spanish-new-song-album-docuseries-video-2020-1)). This isnt about people who only speak English, either. Many people dont, yet Megan Thee Stallions and Dua Lipas “Sweetest Pie” is still topping music charts around the world. 
Unless the listener is looking up the dictionary meaning of the lyrics, then the dictionary meaning of the lyrics doesnt make or break their appreciation of a song. 
But why?
“Its a complicated answer,” said ethnomusicologist Lisa Decenteceo, who teaches musicology at the University of the Philippines Diliman, adding that it all starts with whats called “sound symbolism.”
Sound symbolism, said Decenteceo, refers to the study of the relationships between utterances and their meaning. This doesnt have to do only with music. Marketers, for example, can [tune into sound symbolism](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285416618_Sounds_good_Phonetic_sound_patterns_in_top_brand_names) as part of their strategy in coming up with appealing brand names. In music as well as in branding, Decenteceo explained, theres something about the appeal of words as sounds, beyond their meaning in a language. 
“Most of the time, when listening to music in a foreign language, we enjoy the lyrics as sounds and not words,” echoed Thea Tolentino, a music teacher and music therapy masters student based in Melbourne. This might explain why we are immediately drawn to a song even without knowing its lyrics.
While things like culture and personal experiences affect peoples responses to different kinds of music, Tolentino explained there are certain musical techniques that are generally used to convey certain moods. One of which is scale, or the graduated series of notes, tones, or intervals dividing octaves.
“Songs in a major scale usually have brighter, happier sounds, while minor scales usually have the slightly darker, melancholic feel,” she said. 
The human brain is wired to respond to sound, added Tolentino. In [a process called entrainment](https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01185/full), the brain “synchronizes our breathing, our movement, even neural activities \[with the sounds we hear\].”
This is why fast-paced music is so popular for running, for example, or why some yoga teachers play rhythmic and melodic tracks in their classes.
Decenteceo, the ethnomusicologist, explained that “the music does something to the text,” from the way the words are sung, to the way the voice is used—for instance, “if the singing is raspy, if its shrill.” 
And there are also the things that accompany the words. “Elements of sound and music like pitch, melody, harmony, timbre, and amplitude have an affective, emotional, psychological, cognitive, and even physical impact on listeners. Music adds so much meaning and dimension to texts through a complex of these avenues,” said Decenteceo.
What all these things do, said Decenteceo, citing the book *The Sound of Nonsense* by Richard Elliott, is liberate the words.
“Song frees the voice from any burden of saying anything meaningful,” said Decenteceo. In other words, elements in music like scale and melody combine with the plain sound of the lyrics to create meaning independent of the words dictionary meanings.
> “Song frees the voice from any burden of saying anything meaningful.”
Its important, then, to understand music as a discourse between musical elements.
“The interrelationship of those musical aspects—theres melody, theres pitch—the combination of all those things coming together,” Decenteceo said. “Theres something to be said about not just the text, but how the text maps onto that.”
But elements of music, in this case, dont only pertain to things like beats, harmonies, melodies, and the sounds of other instruments, but to the way music is packaged and delivered to listeners around the world. If lyrics are just one part of music, then music itself is just one part of something bigger. Things like a musicians image—like the inspirational and aspirational K-pop star—or the artifacts of a genres subculture—like the raves and festivals of house music—all help convey meaning through song. 
 Of course, this isnt to discount the importance of the lyrics linguistic meaning. Tolentino explained that, in music therapy, lyrics are powerful tools for helping people recognize, articulate, and reflect on their emotions. Decenteceo added that its still important to look out for any wrongful or problematic messages in song lyrics. 
But all in all, Decenteceo said theres value in whatever immediate appeal people find in the music they listen to, whether or not they understand the words.
Music, after all, is the universal language. *Follow Romano Santos on [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/romzno/).*
&emsp;
&emsp;
---
`$= dv.el('center', 'Source: ' + dv.current().Link + ', ' + dv.current().Date.toLocaleString("fr-FR"))`

@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ CollapseMetaTable: Yes
---
Parent:: [[@News|News]]
Read:: No
Read:: [[2022-03-20]]
---

@ -76,7 +76,8 @@ This section on different household obligations.
- [x] [[Household]]: *Paper* recycling collection 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2022-02-15 ✅ 2022-02-14
- [x] [[Household]]: *Paper* recycling collection 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2022-02-01 ✅ 2022-01-31
- [x] [[Household]]: *Paper* recycling collection 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2022-01-18 ✅ 2022-01-17
- [ ] [[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2022-03-22
- [ ] [[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2022-04-05
- [x] [[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2022-03-22 ✅ 2022-03-21
- [x] [[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2022-03-08 ✅ 2022-03-07
- [x] [[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2022-02-22 ✅ 2022-02-21
- [x] [[Household]]: *Cardboard* recycling collection 🔁 every 2 weeks on Tuesday 📅 2022-02-08 ✅ 2022-02-07

@ -53,31 +53,30 @@ style: number
&emsp;
#### Currently installed programs
Category | Apps & rationale
--------|------------------
_**System**_ | DropZone4, Launchpad, Mission Control, Siri, System Preferrence, TimeMachine, Utilities
_**Instant Messaging**_ | All-in-One Messenger, Caprine, Messages, Signal, [[Element]], Facetime, Zoom
_**Wealth**_ | Stocks
_**Crypto**_ | Anchor Wallet
_**Staples**_ | Brave Browser, Safari, Firefox
_**Productivity**_ | Email: Spark, Titan Mail, [[Tutanota]]
_**Productivity**_ | Calendar: Apple Calendar, Fantastical; Contacts: Cardhop & Contacts (native App)
_**Productivity**_ | TextEdit, Highland2, LibreOffice, GSuite (Doc, Sheets, Slides), Preview, Skiff.org
_**Productivity**_ | Note-taking: Bear, Obsidian, Standard Notes, Panda, Apple Notes; Reminders, Stickies (native Apps)
_**Instant Messaging**_ | Caprine, Messages, Signal, [[Element]], Facetime, Zoom
_**Crypto**_ | [[EOS\|Anchor]] Wallet
_**Staples**_ | Brave Browser, Safari
_**Productivity**_ | Email: Spark, [[Tutanota]], [[Server Alias\|SimpleLogin]]
_**Productivity**_ | Calendar: Apple Calendar; Contacts: Cardhop & Contacts (native App)
_**Productivity**_ | TextEdit, Highland2, OnlyOffice, Preview, Skiff.org
_**Productivity**_ | Note-taking: Bear, Obsidian, [[Server Tools#Personal notes\|Standard Notes]], Panda, Apple Notes; Reminders, Stickies (native Apps)
_**Productivity**_ |Others: Dictionary, yEd, The Unarchiver, Adobe Acrobat Reader DC, VoiceMemos
_**Cloud**_ | GitUp, [[Nextcloud]], [[SecureSafe]], [[Sync]]
_**Computer & Network Security**_ | VirusTotalUploader, Intego, GPG Key Chain, Authy, BitWarden, [[NextDNS]], Wireguard, Yubico Authenticator, MyNextDNS, CyberGhost VPN
_**Website management**_ | Wordpress, Filezilla, DBeaver
_**Media**_ | **Music**: Evermusic, Bandcamp, Background Music, Apple Music, MusicBrainz Picard, Podcasts; **Video**: Piped, QuickTime Player, [[VLC]], Apple TV
_**Cloud**_ | [[Nextcloud]], [[SecureSafe]], [[Sync]]
_**Computer & Network Security**_ | VirusTotalUploader, Intego, GPG Key Chain, [[Server Tools#Password manager\|Bitwarden]], [[NextDNS]], [[Server VPN\|Wireguard]], Yubico Authenticator
_**Website management**_ | Filezilla, DBeaver
_**Media**_ | **Music**: Evermusic, Background Music, MusicBrainz Picard, Podcasts; **Video**: QuickTime Player, [[VLC]], Apple TV
_**Pictures**_ | Management: Picktorial, Pixea, Photos; Editing: GIMP, Image Capture, PhotoBooth
_**Networks**_ | Avizio, Movemeon
_**News**_ | NetNewsWire, Apple News, Pocket
_**News**_ | [[Server Tools#News Aggregator\|NetNewsWire]], Apollo
_**Map service**_ | Apple Maps
_**Shopping**_ | App Store
_**Home**_ | Home (native App)
_**Utilities**_ | Parcel, Gramps, FontBook, AppCleaner, Automator, BitComet, Books, Calculator, Duplicate File Finder, File Juicer, Fluid, Find My
_**Utilities**_ | Parcel, Gramps, FontBook, AppCleaner, Automator, QBittorrent, Books, Calculator, Duplicate File Finder, File Juicer
_**Games**_ | Chess
_**Programming**_ |CotEditor, JSON viewer
_**Programming**_ |VSCode, [[Server Tools#Git repository\|Git client]]
&emsp;
@ -113,37 +112,35 @@ _**Finance**_ | [[hLedger]]
&emsp;
#### Currently installed Apps
Category | Apps & rationale
--------|------------------
_**Phone**_ | Phone, iMessage, FaceTime, Cardhop, System Settings, Clock, MyEE, MySosh
_**Instant Messaging**_ | Whatsapp, Signal, [[Element]], Telegram, Discord
_**Health**_ | Doctolib, SystmOnline, NHS, NHS Covid, TousAntiCovid, Health (native App)
_**Wealth**_ | HSBC UK, HSBC FR, [[Revolut]], HMRC, Lifesight, Experian, Wallet, SaXoTrader, Delta
_**Crypto**_ | Coinbase, Coinbase Wallet, Metamask, [[Enjin]] Wallet, Anchor, Binance, Kraken, SwissBorg
_**Health**_ | Doctolib, NHS, Health (native App)
_**Wealth**_ | UBS (x4), HSBC UK, HSBC FR, [[Revolut]], HMRC, Lifesight, Experian, Wallet, SaXoTrader, Delta
_**Crypto**_ | Coinbase, Coinbase Wallet, Metamask, [[Enjin]] Wallet, [[EOS\|Anchor]], Binance, Kraken
_**Staples**_ | AccuWeather, Brave Browser
_**Digital ID**_ | MobileConnect et moi
_**Productivity**_ | Email: Spark, Titan Mail, [[Tutanota]], SimpleLogin
_**Productivity**_ | Calendar: Apple, 24me; Contacts: Cardhop
_**Productivity**_ | Polaris Office, Skiff.org, Otter, iZip, QuickScan
_**Productivity**_ | Note-taking: Bear, Obsidian, Standard Notes
_**Productivity**_ |Others: Dictionary, Wikipedia, DeepL Translate, Tricount, Shortcuts (native App), IFTTT
_**Cloud**_ | Files ([[iCloud]] Manager), [[Sync]], [[Nextcloud]], [[SecureSafe]]
_**Internet Security**_ | iVerify, BitWarden, Authy, [[NextDNS]]
_**Productivity**_ | Email: Spark, [[Tutanota]], [[Server Alias\|SimpleLogin]]
_**Productivity**_ | Calendar: 24me; Contacts: Cardhop
_**Productivity**_ | OnlyOffice, Skiff.org, iZip, QuickScan
_**Productivity**_ | Note-taking: Obsidian, [[Server Tools#Personal notes|Standard Notes]]
_**Productivity**_ |Others: Dictionary, Wikipedia, DeepL Translate, Tricount, Shortcuts (native App)
_**Cloud**_ | Files ([[iCloud]] Manager), [[Sync]], [[Server Cloud\|Nextcloud]], [[SecureSafe]]
_**Internet Security**_ | iVerify, [[Server Tools#Password manager\|Bitwarden]], [[NextDNS]], [[Server VPN\|Wireguard]]
_**Website management**_ | Wordpress, Lebv.org
_**Media**_ | **Music**: Evermusic; Shazam, Bandcamp, Radio Nova, NTS; **Video**: TV (native App), Netflix, Piped, BTSport, Global Polo
_**Media**_ | **Music**: Evermusic; Shazam, Bandcamp, Radio Nova, NTS; **Video**: TV (native App), Netflix, Global Polo
_**Pictures**_ | Taking: Camera+2; Management: Photos; Editing: Sketches, Darkroom
_**Networks**_ | Facebook, LinkedIn
_**News**_ | NetNewsWire, Le Monde, Yhe Guardian, The NYTimes, Apollo, Startups, Pocket, BB Connects, LiveScore, Medium
_**Travel**_ | TfL Go, TfL Oyster, Eurostar, Paris Metro, Uber, BA, Skyscanner, OUI.sncf, Airbnb, HotelTonight, Voyage Privé, ZipCar, Rentacars, OuiCar, TrainLine
_**Map service**_ | Maps.me, Waze, Citymapper
_**Charity**_ | Klima
_**Shopping**_ | Amazon, Apple Store, Eventbrite
_**Networks**_ | LinkedIn
_**News**_ | [[Server Tools#News Aggregator|NetNewsWire]], Apollo, LiveScore
_**Travel**_ | SSB, Paris Metro, Uber, Skyscanner, OUI.sncf, Airbnb, HotelTonight, Voyage Privé, ZipCar, Rentacars, OuiCar, TrainLine
_**Map service**_ | OSMAndMe, Waze, Citymapper
_**Shopping**_ | Apple Store
_**Home**_ | Home (native App), Deco, Audicast S
_**Food**_ | Deliveroo, RecipeKeeper, Vivino
_**Nature**_ | iNaturalist, PoctureThis, Merlin Bird ID
_**Utilities**_ | Find My, Units, Compass, Measure, Calculator+
_**Games**_ | FlashInvaders
_**Programming**_ | Textastic, Working Copy
_**Programming**_ | Textastic, [[Server Tools#Git repository\|Working Copy]]
&emsp;

@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ Moving away from Gmail and Apple Mail, I have a few different email accounts:
Email account | Email provider | Email client
---------------|:--------------: |:----------:
<p style="color:cyan">**Main personal**</p> | [[@lebv.org\|lebv.org]] | Titan Mail
<p style="color:cyan">**Main personal**</p> | [[@lebv.org\|lebv.org]] | Spark
<p style="color:coral">**Secure personal**</p> | [[Tutanota]] | [[Tutanota]]
<p style="color:green">**Other personal**</p> | Gmail | Spark
<p style="color:blue">**Apple environment**</p> | [[iCloud]].com | Spark

@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ NextCloud needs to be hosted on a server with two options available:
1. Rent space with a service provider
2. [[Selfhosting|Self-host]] (Server, Raspberry Pi, NAS)
I selected to rent space with [tab.digital](https://tab.digital)
I selected to [[Selfhosting|self-host]] . All parameters can be found [[Server Cloud|here]] including the VPN provider and server parametrisation.
&emsp;
@ -143,14 +143,11 @@ From within the NextCloud iOS App: 'auto-upload Pictures from Camera Roll'.
_App-specific password (per device)_:
Activated
&emsp;
_WebDAV Account_:
`https://server.address/remote.php/dav/files/username/`
&emsp;
#### E2E Encryption
Activated
_WebDAV Account_:
`https://server.address/remote.php/dav/files/username/`
&emsp;

@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ style: number
&emsp;
Moving away from [[iCloud]] and using a combination of [[SecureSafe]], [[Sync]] and [[Nextcloud]] enables to secure data in transit and in storage.
Moving away from [[iCloud]] and using a combination of [[SecureSafe]], [[Sync]] and self hosted solutions like my [[Server Cloud|own cloud]] enables to secure data in transit and in storage.
&emsp;
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Securing [[Email & Communication|emails]] take two main forms:
2. Dedicated services embedding encryption and privacy policies such as [[Tutanota]]
In addition, to protect mailboxes online, a email alias provider can be used. [SimpleLogin](https://simplelogin.io), a French tech, allows this easily and gives the option to [[Server Alias|self host]].
In addition, to protect mailboxes online, a email alias provider can be used. [SimpleLogin](https://simplelogin.io), a French tech, allows this easily and gives the option to [[Server Alias|self host]] which is implemented.
&emsp;
@ -113,12 +113,13 @@ Two different ways to identify viruses:
&emsp;
#### Ad/Tracker Block
Using a DNS reaolver embedding filters for blocking known ad/tracker traffic: [NextDNS](https://nextdns.io/)
Using a DNS resolver embedding filters for blocking known ad/tracker traffic: [NextDNS](https://nextdns.io/)
&emsp;
#### Password Manager
Free and Open Source Software (FOSS): [BitWarden](https://bitwarden.com/)
For added security, I am self hosting an instance of a [[Server Tools#Password manager|password manager]], an unofficial image of Bitwarden.
&emsp;

@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ _**Phone**_ | Phone [[Applications]], Local storage (Documents, Photos, Videos,
Service name | Available space | Current usage
-----------------|:------------------:|:---------------:
_**[[iCloud]]**_ | _5G_ | _2G_
_**[[Nextcloud]]**_ | _32G_ | _16G_
_**[[Server Cloud\|own cloud]]**_ | _32G_ | _16G_
_**[[Sync]]**_ | _2T_ | _197.2G_
_**[[SecureSafe]]**_ | _1G_ | _240M_
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ _**Total storage**_ | _2.04T_ | _215.5G_
Drive Name | Usage
------------|---------
_**[[iCloud]]**_ | Mandatory iPhone data & app backup & sync
_**[[Nextcloud]]**_ | Cross-device syncing of Contacts, Pictures, Music, Documents
_**[[Server Cloud\|own cloud]]**_ | Cross-device syncing of Contacts, Pictures, Music, Documents
_**[[Sync]]**_ | Backup of External Drive
_**[[SecureSafe]]**_ | Backup of Personal Data
@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ _**[[SecureSafe]]**_ | Backup of Personal Data
Cloud Service | One-off Cost | Subscription p.m.
--------------|:---:|:---------:
_**[[SecureSafe]]**_ | &emsp; | €1.49
_**[[Nextcloud]]**_ | &emsp; |€1.56
_**[[Server Cloud\|own cloud]]**_ | &emsp; |€1.56
_**[[Sync]]**_ | &emsp; |€6.9
@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ _**Total**_ | | €9.95
&emsp;
See [[Applications]] for [[iCloud]] syncing. [[Nextcloud]] is otherwise used.
See [[Applications]] for [[iCloud]] syncing. [[Server Cloud|Own cloud]] is otherwise used.
For Obsidian in particular [GitHub](https://github.com) is used in coordination with Working Copy (iOS App). Find [[Git|here]] a collection of scripts to power Github sync on mobile and desktop.
&emsp;

@ -442,6 +442,20 @@ sudo cat /var/log/caddy/caddy.log | jq -r ' .. | .common_log? | select(. !=null)
&emsp;
#### Sending logs to user
In order to consume the logs, it is sent through a cron job to a [[Configuring Telegram bots|Telegram bot]].
The script is below:
```ad-code
~~~bash
~~~
```
&emsp;
---
&emsp;

@ -17,6 +17,8 @@ Parent:: [[Selfhosting]], [[Configuring Caddy|caddy]], [[Server Tools]]
&emsp;
^Top
```button
name Save
type command
@ -51,7 +53,7 @@ style: number
&emsp;
### Introduction
[[#^Top|TOP]]
&emsp;
[Prometheus](https://prometheus.io/docs/introduction/overview/) is a free and open-source monitoring and alerting tool that was initially used for monitoring metrics at SoundCloud back in 2012. It is written in Go programming language.
@ -73,7 +75,7 @@ Prometheus comprises the following major components:
&emsp;
### Installing Prometheus
[[#^Top|TOP]]
&emsp;
#### Installing the main modules
@ -209,7 +211,7 @@ If your output resembles what I have, then you are on the right track. In the ne
&emsp;
#### Permissions & User Management
[[#^Top|TOP]]
It's essential that we create a Prometheus group and user before proceeding to the next step which involves creating a system file for Prometheus.
To  create a `prometheus` [group](https://linoxide.com/groupadd-command/) execute the command:
@ -245,7 +247,7 @@ The only part remaining is to make Prometheus a systemd service so that we can e
&emsp;
#### Configuring the service
[[#^Top|TOP]]
Using your favorite text editor, create a systemd service file:
```ad-command
@ -319,7 +321,7 @@ sudo systemctl status prometheus
&emsp;
#### Configuration of user acccess
[[#^Top|TOP]]
Finally, to access Prometheus, parameter your reverse-proxy ([[Configuring Caddy|caddy]]) to point back to the service.
It is accessible below, under internal port 9090:
@ -334,4 +336,528 @@ https://prometheus.mfxm.fr
![prometheus dashboard](https://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2021-10-1003-Prometheus-dashboard-1024x440.png)![prometheus dashboard](https://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/2021-10-1003-Prometheus-dashboard-1024x440.png)
&emsp;
&emsp;
---
&emsp;
### Configuring alerts
[[#^Top|TOP]]
&emsp;
#### Install Alertmanager
Download the latest version of Alert Manager (v0.23.0 at the time of this writing) with the following command:
```ad-command
~~~bash
wget https://github.com/prometheus/alertmanager/releases/download/v0.23.0/alertmanager-0.23.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz
~~~
```
&emsp;
Alert Manager is being downloaded. It may take a while to complete.
At this point, Alert Manager should be downloaded.
Once Alert Manager is downloaded, you should find a new archive file **alertmanager-0.23.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz** in your current working directory.
Extract the **alertmanager-0.23.0.linux-amd64.tar.gz** archive with the following command:
```ad-command
~~~bash
tar xzf alertmanager-0.22.2.linux-amd64.tar.gz
~~~
```
&emsp;
You should find a new directory **alertmanager-0.23.0.linux-amd64/** as marked in the screenshot below.
Now, move the **alertmanager-0.23.0.linux-amd64** directory to **/opt/** directory and rename it to **alertmanager** as follows:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo mv -v alertmanager-0.23.0.linux-amd64 /opt/alertmanager
~~~
```
&emsp;
Change the user and group of all the files and directories of the `/opt/alertmanager/` directory to root as follows:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo chown -Rfv root:root /opt/alertmanager
~~~
```
&emsp;
In the **/opt/alertmanager** directory, you should find the **alertmanager** binary and the Alert Manager configuration file **alertmanager.yml**. You will use them later. So, just keep that in mind.
&emsp;
#### Creating a Data Directory
[[#^Top|TOP]]
Alert Manager needs a directory where it can store its data. As you will be running Alert Manager as the **prometheus** system user, the **prometheus** system user must have access (read, write, and execute permissions) to that data directory.
You can create the **data/** directory in the **/opt/alertmanager/** directory as follows:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo mkdir -v /opt/alertmanager/data
~~~
```
&emsp;
Change the owner and group of the **/opt/alertmanager/data/** directory to **prometheus** with the following command:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo chown -Rfv prometheus:prometheus /opt/alertmanager/data
~~~
```
&emsp;
The owner and group of the **/opt/alertmanager/data/** directory should be changed to **prometheus**.
&emsp;
#### Starting Alert Manager on Boot
[[#^Top|TOP]]
Now, you have to create a systemd service file for Alert Manager so that you can easily manage (start, stop, restart, and add to startup) the alertmanager service with systemd.
To create a systemd service file **alertmanager.service**, run the following command:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo nano /etc/systemd/system/alertmanager.service
~~~
```
&emsp;
Type in the following lines in the **alertmanager.service** file.
```ad-code
~~~bash
[Unit]
Description=Alertmanager for prometheus
[Service]
Restart=always
User=prometheus
ExecStart=/opt/alertmanager/alertmanager --config.file=/opt/alertmanager/alertmanager.yml --storage.path=/opt/alertmanager/data            
ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
TimeoutStopSec=20s
SendSIGKILL=no
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
~~~
```
&emsp;
For the systemd changes to take effect, run the following command:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
~~~
```
&emsp;
Now, start the **alertmanager** service with the following command:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo systemctl start alertmanager.service
~~~
```
&emsp;
Add the **alertmanager** service to the system startup so that it automatically starts on boot with the following command:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo systemctl enable alertmanager.service
~~~
```
&emsp;
As you can see, the **alertmanager** service is **active/running**. It is also **enabled** (it will start automatically on boot).
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo systemctl status alertmanager.service
~~~
```
&emsp;
#### Configuring Prometheus
[[#^Top|TOP]]
Now, you have to configure Prometheus to use Alert Manager. You can also monitor Alert Manager with Prometheus. I will show you how to do both in this section.
First, find the IP address of the computer where you have installed Alert Manager with the following command:
```ad-command
~~~bash
hostname -I
~~~
```
&emsp;
Now, open the Prometheus configuration file **/opt/prometheus/prometheus.yml** with the **nano** text editor as follows:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo nano /etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml
~~~
```
&emsp;
Type in the following lines in the **scrape_configs** section to add Alert Manager for monitoring with Prometheus.
```ad-code
~~~bash
- job_name: 'alertmanager'
  static_configs:
  - targets: ['localhost:9093']
~~~
```
&emsp;
Also, type in the IP address and port number of Alert Manager in the **alerting > alertmanagers** section.
For the changes to take effect, restart the **prometheus** service as follows:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo systemctl restart prometheus
~~~
```
&emsp;
Visit the URL [http://192.168.20.161:9090/targets](http://192.168.20.161:9090/targets) from your favorite web browser, and you should see that **alertmanager** is in the **UP** state. So, Prometheus can access Alert Manager just fine.
&emsp;
#### Creating a Prometheus Alert Rule
[[#^Top|TOP]]
On Prometheus, you can use the **up** expression to find the state of the targets added to Prometheus, as shown in the screenshot below.
The targets that are in the **UP** state (running and accessible to Prometheus) will have the value **1**, and targets that are not in the **UP** (or **DOWN**) state (not running or inaccessible to Prometheus) will have the value **0**.
If you stop one of the targets **node_exporter** (lets say).
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo systemctl stop node-exporter.service
~~~
```
&emsp;
The **up** value of that target should be **0**, as you can see in the screenshot below. You get the idea.
So, you can use the **up == 0** expressions to list only the targets that are not running or inaccessible to Prometheus, as you can see in the screenshot below.
This expression can be used to create a Prometheus Alert and send alerts to Alert Manager when one or more targets are not running or inaccessible to Prometheus.
To create a Prometheus Alert, create a new file **rules.yml** in the **/opt/prometheus/** directory as follows:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo nano /etc/prometheus/rules.yml
~~~
```
&emsp;
Now, type in the following lines in the **rules.yml** file.
```ad-code
~~~yaml
groups:
- name: test
rules:
- alert: InstanceDown
expr: up == 0
for: 1m
~~~
```
&emsp;
Here, the alert **InstanceDown** will be fired when targets are not running or inaccessible to Prometheus (that is **up == 0**) for a minute (**1m**).
Now, open the Prometheus configuration file **/opt/prometheus/prometheus.yml** with the **nano** text editor as follows:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo nano /etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml
~~~
```
&emsp;
Add the **rules.yml** file in the **rule_files** section of the prometheus.yml configuration file.
Another important option of the **prometheus.yml** file is **evaluation_interval**. Prometheus will check whether any rules matched every **evaluation_interval** time. The default is 15s (**15** seconds). So, the Alert rules in the **rules.yml** file will be checked every 15 seconds.
For the changes to take effect, restart the **prometheus** service as follows:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo systemctl restart prometheus
~~~
```
&emsp;
Now, navigate to the URL [http://localhost:9010/rules](http://localhost:9010/rules) from your favorite web browser, and you should see the rule **InstanceDown** that youve just added.
As youve stopped **node_exporter** earlier, the alert is active, and it is waiting to be sent to the Alert Manager.
After a minute has passed, the alert **InstanceDown** should be in the **FIRING** state. It means that the alert is sent to the Alert Manager.
&emsp;
---
&emsp;
### Configuring monitoring modules
[[#^Top|TOP]]
&emsp;
&emsp;
---
&emsp;
### Configuring rules and alerts
[[#^Top|TOP]]
&emsp;
#### Introduction
Rules defining alerts are to be defined in `/etc/prometheus/config.yml` by referencing rule files in the same folder. As a generic process, here is what to do:
1. Define & reference the rule file in Prometheus' config file
`rules.yml`
2. Create the rule file
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo nano /etc/prometheus/rules.yml
~~~
```
&emsp;
3. Add the defined rule
See external resource for examples.
4. Relaunch Prometheus
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo systemctl restart prometheus
~~~
```
&emsp;
Once this is done, Prometheus may not restart, prompting to a problem in the configuration file. Please check whitespacing and other formatting issues before trying to restart the daemon again.
&emsp;
#### External ressource
[Awesome Prometheus alerts | Collection of alerting rules](https://awesome-prometheus-alerts.grep.to/rules.html)
&emsp;
---
&emsp;
### Using Prometheus to monitor Caddy
[[#^Top|TOP]]
&emsp;
#### Global parameters
| | |
| --------------------- | -------------------------- |
| **Caddy metrics API** | https://tools.mfxm.fr:7784 |
| **Prometheus web listening port** | 9010 |
&emsp;
#### Adding a monitoring job
[[#^Top|TOP]]
Monitoring jobs are called `scrape` Jobs and are defined in the `/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml` file under the `scrape_configs:` JSON header. Below is an example of job definition.
```ad-code
~~~javascript
scrape_configs:
- job_name: caddy
scheme: https
static_configs:
- targets:
- tools.mfxm.fr:7784
~~~
```
&emsp;
---
&emsp;
### Using Telegram for notifications
[[#^Top|TOP]]
&emsp;
#### Installing the Telegram Bridge
In order to set up the [[Configuring Telegram bots|Telegram bot]], first, pull the image from its github repository:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo git clone https://github.com/inCaller/prometheus_bot
~~~
```
&emsp;
Move to the created folder:
```ad-command
~~~bash
cd ~/prometheus_bot
~~~
```
&emsp;
Compile the programme in Go:
```ad-command
~~~bash
export GOPATH="your go path"
make clean
make
~~~
```
&emsp;
Update the config file:
```ad-path
/home/melchiorbv/prometheus_bot/config.yaml
```
&emsp;
```ad-code
~~~yaml
telegram_token: "token goes here"
# ONLY IF YOU USING DATA FORMATTING FUNCTION, NOTE for developer: important or test fail
time_outdata: "02/01/2006 15:04:05"
template_path: "/home/melchiorbv/prometheus_bot/template.tmpl" # ONLY IF YOU USING TEMPLATE
time_zone: "Europe/Amsterdam" # ONLY IF YOU USING TEMPLATE
split_msg_byte: 4000
send_only: true # use bot only to send messages.
~~~
```
&emsp;
Then, update the template file:
```ad-path
/home/melchiorbv/prometheus_bot/template.tmpl
```
&emsp;
```ad-code
~~~yaml
Type: {{.CommonAnnotations.description}}
Summary: {{.CommonAnnotations.summary}}
Alertname: {{ .CommonLabels.alertname }}
Instance: {{ .CommonLabels.instance }}
Serverity: {{ .CommonLabels.serverity}}
Status: {{ .Status }}
~~~
```
&emsp;
Run the daemon with:
```ad-command
~~~bash
./prometheus_bot
~~~
```
First part done.
&emsp;
#### Linking the bot to Alertmanager
[[#^Top|TOP]]
Edit the `AlertManager` config file under `/opt/alertmanager/alertmanager.yml` and add:
```ad-code
~~~yaml
- name: 'admins'
webhook_configs:
- send_resolved: True
url: http://127.0.0.1:9087/alert/chat_id
~~~
```
Replace `chat_id` with the value you got from your bot, ***with everything inside the quotes***. (Some chat_id's start with a `-`, in this case, you must also include the `-` in the url) To use multiple chats just add more receivers.
Relaunch the AlertManager:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo systemctl restart alertmanager.service
~~~
```
&emsp;
&emsp;
[[#^Top|TOP]]

@ -124,6 +124,40 @@ All dependencies for running the alias service.
&emsp;
##### fail2ban
[[#^Top|TOP]]
Classic [[Configuring Fail2ban|fail2ban]] installation with a dedicated configuration:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo nano /etc/fail2ban/jail.d/sshd.local
~~~
```
With the following parameters:
```ad-code
~~~yaml
[sshd]
enabled = true
port=2227
maxretry = 10
bantime = 1m
~~~
```
&emsp;
Please refer to the [[Configuring Fail2ban|conf guide]] for a detailed description.
&emsp;
##### UFW
Firewall management, see [[Configuring UFW|here]] for more details.
&emsp;
##### Docker
```ad-warning

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
Alias: ["Nextcloud server"]
Alias: ["Nextcloud server", "Cloud Server"]
Tag: ["Computer", "Web", "Server", "Privacy", "Security"]
Date: 2021-09-03
DocType: "Server"
@ -190,6 +190,34 @@ sudo service mysql restart
&emsp;
##### fail2ban
[[#^Top|TOP]]
Classic [[Configuring Fail2ban|fail2ban]] installation with a dedicated configuration:
```ad-command
~~~bash
sudo nano /etc/fail2ban/jail.d/sshd.local
~~~
```
With the following parameters:
```ad-code
~~~yaml
[sshd]
enabled = true
port=2227
maxretry = 10
bantime = 1m
~~~
```
&emsp;
Please refer to the [[Configuring Fail2ban|conf guide]] for a detailed description.
&emsp;
##### Postfix
Mail Transfer Agent. Configuration is standard to allow for emails to be sent by programs / deamons / [[Nextcloud]] or others. Such a [[Configuring Postfix|system]] is required for every server to work correctly.
@ -237,6 +265,8 @@ sudo apt-get install -y libmagickcore-6.q16-6-extra
~~~
```
&emsp
##### UFW
Firewall management, see [[Configuring UFW|here]] for more details.

@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ LWERS4M7njDLiAJe5A6gkv9jRDabvnzBGyYk9vPr1F5dY0LMu47FSjB0v21BAE83rYTOksElzcYmioWA
##### fail2ban
[[#^Top|TOP]]
Classic installation with a dedicated configuration:
Classic [[Configuring Fail2ban|fail2ban]] installation with a dedicated configuration:
```ad-command
~~~bash
@ -176,6 +176,17 @@ bantime = 1m
&emsp;
Please refer to the [[Configuring Fail2ban|conf guide]] for a detailed description.
&emsp;
##### Prometheus
[[Configuring Prometheus|Prometheus]] is a monitoring tool for all types of programs and is based on 'structured log files' i.e. the `JSON` format.
Please refer to the dedicated page to understand how [[Configuring Prometheus|Prometheus]] works. It needs to be paired with a visualisation software like Grafana to give its full potential.
&emsp;
##### Postfix
Mail Transfer Agent. Configuration is standard to allow for emails to be sent by programs / deamons / [[Nextcloud]] or others. Such a [[Configuring Postfix|system]] is required for every server to work correctly.

@ -127,8 +127,8 @@ The VPN server will host a single VPN service and dependencies bare metal.
&emsp;
##### fail2ban
Classic installation with a dedicated configuration:
[[#^Top|TOP]]
Classic [[Configuring Fail2ban|fail2ban]] installation with a dedicated configuration:
```ad-command
~~~bash
@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ sudo nano /etc/fail2ban/jail.d/sshd.local
With the following parameters:
```ad-code
~~~ini
~~~yaml
[sshd]
enabled = true
port=2227
@ -150,6 +150,10 @@ bantime = 1m
&emsp;
Please refer to the [[Configuring Fail2ban|conf guide]] for a detailed description.
&emsp;
##### Postfix
[[#^Top|TOP]]
Mail Transfer Agent. Configuration is standard to allow for emails to be sent by programs / deamons / [[Nextcloud]] or others. Such a [[Configuring Postfix|system]] is required for every server to work correctly.

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