containerEl.createEl("h2",{text:"Settings for Markdown Table Editor"});
newimport_obsidian7.Setting(containerEl).setName("Default Direction").setDesc("Default direction in which the Markdown Editor has to be opened").addDropdown((dropDown)=>{
dropDown.addOption("vertical","Open to the right of active editor");
dropDown.addOption("horizontal","Open below the active editor");
newimport_obsidian7.Setting(containerEl).setName("Number of rows").setDesc("Default number of rows in new tables created").addText((text)=>text.setPlaceholder("3").setValue(this.plugin.settings.defaultRows.toString()).onChange((value)=>__async(this,null,function*(){
constrows=parseInt(value);
if(!rows){
newimport_obsidian7.Notice("Rows has to be positive number. Defaulting to 3");
newimport_obsidian7.Setting(containerEl).setName("Number of columns").setDesc("Default number of columns in new tables created").addText((text)=>text.setPlaceholder("3").setValue(this.plugin.settings.defaultColumns.toString()).onChange((value)=>__async(this,null,function*(){
constcols=parseInt(value);
if(!cols){
newimport_obsidian7.Notice("Columns has to be positive number. Defaulting to 3");
"description":"An Obsidian plugin to provide an editor for Markdown tables. It can open CSV, Microsoft Excel/Google Sheets data as Markdown tables from Obsidian Markdown editor.",
"author":"Ganessh Kumar R P <rpganesshkumar@gmail.com>",
@ -55,26 +55,78 @@ var import_obsidian = __toModule(require("obsidian"));
varCOLUMNNAME="col";
varCOLUMNMD=COLUMNNAME+"-md";
varTOKEN="!!!";
varDEFAULT_SETTINGS={
wrapSize:{value:100,name:"Minimum width of column",desc:"Columns will have this minimum width before wrapping to a new row. 0 disables column wrapping. Useful for smaller devices"},
defaultSpan:{value:1,name:"The default span of an item",desc:"The default width of a column. If the minimum width is specified, the width of the column will be multiplied by this setting."}
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/How a billionaires boys’ club came to dominate the public square.md\"> How a billionaires boys’ club came to dominate the public square </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Did Jesse James Bury Confederate Gold These Treasure Hunters Think So..md\"> Did Jesse James Bury Confederate Gold These Treasure Hunters Think So. </a>",
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"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Are the Next Global Tennis Stars Among These Tweens.md\"> Are the Next Global Tennis Stars Among These Tweens </a>",
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"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/The twisted mind of a serial romance scammer.md\"> The twisted mind of a serial romance scammer </a>"
],
"Tagged":[
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/How a billionaires boys’ club came to dominate the public square.md\"> How a billionaires boys’ club came to dominate the public square </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/There was an enormous amount of drugs being taken Graham Nash on groupies, feuds, divorce and ego.md\"> There was an enormous amount of drugs being taken Graham Nash on groupies, feuds, divorce and ego </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Did Jesse James Bury Confederate Gold These Treasure Hunters Think So..md\"> Did Jesse James Bury Confederate Gold These Treasure Hunters Think So. </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Are the Next Global Tennis Stars Among These Tweens.md\"> Are the Next Global Tennis Stars Among These Tweens </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.03 Food & Wine/Big Shells With Spicy Lamb Sausage and Pistachios.md\"> Big Shells With Spicy Lamb Sausage and Pistachios </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"Spiced Eggs with Tzatziki.md\"> Spiced Eggs with Tzatziki </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"05.02 Networks/GitHub - onceuponBash-Oneliner A collection of handy Bash One-Liners and terminal tricks for data processing and Linux system maintenance..md\"> GitHub - onceuponBash-Oneliner A collection of handy Bash One-Liners and terminal tricks for data processing and Linux system maintenance. </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/S.F. spent millions to shelter homeless in hotels. These are the disastrous results.md\"> S.F. spent millions to shelter homeless in hotels. These are the disastrous results </a>",
@ -4110,16 +4184,7 @@
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"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.03 Food & Wine/Big Shells With Spicy Lamb Sausage and Pistachios.md\"> Big Shells With Spicy Lamb Sausage and Pistachios </a>"
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.03 Food & Wine/Big Shells With Spicy Lamb Sausage and Pistachios.md\"> Big Shells With Spicy Lamb Sausage and Pistachios </a>",
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"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.02 Inbox/Spiced Eggs With Tzatziki.md\"> Spiced Eggs With Tzatziki </a>"
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"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Are the Next Global Tennis Stars Among These Tweens.md\"> Are the Next Global Tennis Stars Among These Tweens </a>",
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"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/“The Eye in the Sea” camera observes elusive deep sea animals.md\"> “The Eye in the Sea” camera observes elusive deep sea animals </a>"
],
"Removed Tags from":[
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"06.02 Investments/Le Miel de Paris.md\"> Le Miel de Paris </a>",
@ -4269,7 +4336,8 @@
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/Confessions of a Bitcoin Widow How a Dream Life Turned into a Nightmare The Walrus.md\"> Confessions of a Bitcoin Widow How a Dream Life Turned into a Nightmare The Walrus </a>",
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"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"00.03 News/A Vibe Shift Is Coming.md\"> A Vibe Shift Is Coming </a>",
"<a class=\"internal-link\" href=\"03.03 Food & Wine/Fresh Tomato Eggs in Purgatory with Chickpeas.md\"> Fresh Tomato Eggs in Purgatory with Chickpeas </a>"
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"Please check your daily note plugin OR periodic notes plugin settings":"Please check your daily note plugin OR periodic notes plugin settings",
"Use Which Plugin's Default Configuration":"Use Which Plugin's Default Configuration",
"Memos use the plugin's default configuration to fetch memos from daily, 'Daily' by default.":"Memos use the plugin's default configuration to fetch memos from daily, 'Daily' by default.",
Daily:"Daily"
Daily:"Daily",
"Always Show Leaf Sidebar on PC":"Always Show Leaf Sidebar on PC",
"Show left sidebar on PC even when the leaf width is less than 875px. False by default.":"Show left sidebar on PC even when the leaf width is less than 875px. False by default.",
"You didn't set format for daily notes in both periodic-notes and daily-notes plugins.":"You didn't set format for daily notes in both periodic-notes and daily-notes plugins."
"User name in Memos":"Nome de Usu\xE1rio no Memos",
"Set your user name here. 'Memos \u{1F60F}' By default":"Define o nome de usu\xE1rio. Padr\xE3o: 'Memos \u{1F60F}'",
"Insert after heading":"Inserir ap\xF3s o t\xEDtulo",
"You should set the same heading below if you want to insert and process memos below the same heading.":"Deve definir o mesmo t\xEDtulo na op\xE7\xE3o abaixo se pretende inserir e processar Memos abaixo do t\xEDtulo aqui definido.",
"Allows admonitions to be created using ":"Permite que admonitions sejam criadas usando ",
"Process Memos below":"Processar Memos abaixo",
"Only entries below this string/section in your notes will be processed. If it does not exist no notes will be processed for that file.":"Somente as entradas abaixo deste T\xEDtulo/Sec\xE7\xE3o ser\xE3o processadas nas suas notas. Se esta Sec\xE7\xE3o n\xE3o estiver definida, nenhuma nota ser\xE1 processada para esse ficheiro.",
"Save Memo button label":"Legenda do bot\xE3o Guardar Memo",
"The text shown on the save Memo button in the UI. 'NOTEIT' by default.":'Define o texto apresentado no bot\xE3o "Guardar Memo" na interface de usu\xE1rio. Padr\xE3o: "NOTEIT".',
"Set your user name here. 'Memos \u{1F60F}' By default":"Defina o nome de usu\xE1rio. Padr\xE3o: 'Memos \u{1F60F}'.",
"Insert after heading":"Inserir ap\xF3s o cabe\xE7alho",
"You should set the same heading below if you want to insert and process memos below the same heading.":"Deve definir o mesmo cabe\xE7alho na configura\xE7\xE3o posterior se pretende inserir e processar memorandos abaixo do cabe\xE7alho aqui definido.",
"Allows admonitions to be created using ":"Permitir que Admonitions sejam criadas usando ",
"Process Memos below":"Processar Memorandos abaixo do Cabe\xE7alho",
"Only entries below this string/section in your notes will be processed. If it does not exist no notes will be processed for that file.":"Somente as entradas abaixo deste cabe\xE7alho ser\xE3o processadas nas suas notas. Se n\xE3o configurar esta funcionalidade, nenhuma nota ser\xE1 processada para o ficheiro respetivo.",
"Save Memo button label":"Legenda do Bot\xE3o de Guardar Memorandos",
"The text shown on the save Memo button in the UI. 'NOTEIT' by default.":'Define o texto apresentado na UI do bot\xE3o guardar memorandos. Padr\xE3o: "NOTEIT".',
"Focus on editor when open memos":"Focar no Editor ao iniciar o Memos",
"Focus on Editor when open memos. Focus by default.":"Focar no editor ao iniciar o Memos. Focar est\xE1 definido como padr\xE3o.",
"Focus on Editor when open memos. Focus by default.":'Focar no editor ao iniciar o Memos. Padr\xE3o: "Focar".',
"Open daily memos with open memos":"Abrir memorandos di\xE1rios ao iniciar o Memos",
"Open daily memos with open memos. Open by default.":"Abrir memorandos di\xE1rios ao iniciar o Memos. Abrir est\xE1 definido como padr\xE3o.",
"Open daily memos with open memos. Open by default.":'Abrir memorandos di\xE1rios ao iniciar o Memos. Padr\xE3o: "Abrir".',
"Open Memos when obsidian opens":"Abrir Memos quando o Obsidian inicia",
"When enable this, Memos will open when Obsidian opens. False by default.":"Quando esta op\xE7\xE3o est\xE1 activa, o Memos abrir\xE1 quando o Obsidian inicia. Desactivado por padr\xE3o.",
"Hide done tasks in Memo list":"Ocultar tarefas conclu\xEDdas na lista de Memos",
"Hide all done tasks in Memo list. Show done tasks by default.":"Ocultar todas as tarefas conclu\xEDdas na lista de Memos. Mostrar as tarefas conclu\xEDdas est\xE1 definido como padr\xE3o.",
"When enable this, Memos will open when Obsidian opens. False by default.":'Quando esta op\xE7\xE3o est\xE1 activa, o Memos abrir\xE1 quando o Obsidian inicia. Padr\xE3o: "Falso".',
"Hide done tasks in Memo list":"Ocultar tarefas conclu\xEDdas na lista de memorandos",
"Hide all done tasks in Memo list. Show done tasks by default.":'Ocultar todas as tarefas conclu\xEDdas na lista de memorandos. Padr\xE3o: "Mostrar tarefas conclu\xEDdas".',
"Advanced Options":"Op\xE7\xF5es Avan\xE7adas",
"UI language for date":"Idioma da Data na interface do usu\xE1rio",
"Translates the date UI language. Only 'en' and 'zh' are available.":"Define o idioma da Data na interface do usu\xE1rio. De momento, apenas 'en', 'fr', 'pt' e 'zh' est\xE3o dispon\xEDveis.",
"Default prefix":"Prefixo padr\xE3o",
"UI language for date":"Idioma na UI da Data ",
"Translates the date UI language. Only 'en' and 'zh' are available.":"Define o idioma na UI da Data. De momento, apenas 'en', 'fr', 'pt' e 'zh' est\xE3o dispon\xEDveis.",
"Default prefix":"Prefixo Padr\xE3o",
"Set the default prefix when create memo, 'List' by default.":"Define o prefixo padr\xE3o quando um memorando \xE9 criado. Padr\xE3o: 'Lista'.",
"Default insert date format":"Formato padr\xE3o para inser\xE7\xE3o de Data",
"Set the default date format when insert date by @, 'Tasks' by default.":"Define o formato de Data padr\xE3o ao inserir a data usando @. Padr\xE3o: 'Tarefas'.",
"Default editor position on mobile":"Posi\xE7\xE3o padr\xE3o do editor de memos na vers\xE3o m\xF3vel.",
"Set the default editor position on Mobile, 'Top' by default.":"Define a posi\xE7\xE3o padr\xE3o do editor de Memos na vers\xE3o m\xF3vel. Padr\xE3o: 'Topo'.",
"Use button to show editor on mobile":"Usar um bot\xE3o para mostrar o editor na vers\xE3o m\xF3vel",
"Set a float button to call editor on mobile. Only when editor located at the bottom works.":"Define um bot\xE3o flutuante para abrir o editor na vers\xE3o m\xF3vel. Op\xE7\xE3o dispon\xEDvel somente quando a posi\xE7\xE3o do editor est\xE1 definida para 'Fundo'",
"Show Time When Copy Results":"Mostrar a Hora ao copiar os resultados",
"Show time when you copy results, like 12:00. Copy time by default.":"Mostrar a Hora ao copiar os resultados, como '12:00'. Copiar a Hora est\xE1 activado por padr\xE3o.",
"Show Date When Copy Results":"Mostrar a Data ao copiar os resultados",
"Show date when you copy results, like [[2022-01-01]]. Copy date by default.":"Mostrar a Data ao copiar os resultados, como [[2022-01-01]]. Copiar a Data est\xE1 activado por padr\xE3o.",
"Add Blank Line Between Different Date":"Adicionar linha em branco entre Datas diferentes.",
"Add blank line when copy result with date. No blank line by default.":"Adicionar linha em branco ao copiar resultados com Data. Por padr\xE3o nenhuma linha \xE9 adicionada.",
"Default insert date format":"Formato Padr\xE3o para Inser\xE7\xE3o de Data",
"Set the default date format when insert date by @, 'Tasks' by default.":"Define o formato de Data padr\xE3o ao inserir a data usando '@'. Padr\xE3o: 'Tarefas'.",
"Default editor position on mobile":"Posi\xE7\xE3o Padr\xE3o do Editor de Memorandos na Vers\xE3o M\xF3vel",
"Set the default editor position on Mobile, 'Top' by default.":"Define a posi\xE7\xE3o padr\xE3o do editor de memorandos na vers\xE3o m\xF3vel. Padr\xE3o: 'Topo'.",
"Use button to show editor on mobile":"Usar Bot\xE3o para Mostrar o Editor na Vers\xE3o M\xF3vel",
"Set a float button to call editor on mobile. Only when editor located at the bottom works.":"Define um bot\xE3o flutuante para abrir o editor na vers\xE3o m\xF3vel. Op\xE7\xE3o dispon\xEDvel somente quando a posi\xE7\xE3o do editor est\xE1 definida para 'Fundo'.",
"Show Time When Copy Results":"Mostrar a Hora ao Copiar os Resultados",
"Show time when you copy results, like 12:00. Copy time by default.":"Mostrar a Hora, no formato '12:00', ao copiar os resultados. Padr\xE3o: 'Copiar a hora'.",
"Show Date When Copy Results":"Mostrar a Data ao Copiar os Resultados",
"Show date when you copy results, like [[2022-01-01]]. Copy date by default.":'Mostrar a Data, no formato [[2022-01-01]], ao copiar os resultados. Padr\xE3o: "Copiar a hora".',
"Add Blank Line Between Different Date":"Adicionar Linha em Branco entre Datas Diferentes.",
"Add blank line when copy result with date. No blank line by default.":'Adicionar linha em branco ao copiar resultados com Data. Padr\xE3o: "N\xE3o adicionar linha."',
"Share Options":"Op\xE7\xF5es de Partilha",
"Share Memos Image Footer Start":"Partilhar a Imagem de um Memo - In\xEDcio do rodap\xE9",
"Set anything you want here, use {MemosNum} to display Number of memos, {UsedDay} for days. '{MemosNum} Memos {UsedDay} Days' By default":"Defina o que quiser, use {MemosNum} para mostrar o n\xFAmero de Memos e use {UsedDay} para dias. 'Padr\xE3o: {MemosNum} Memos {UsedDay} Days'.",
"Share Memos Image Footer End":"Partilhar a Imagem de um Memo - Fim do rodap\xE9",
"Set anything you want here, use {UserName} as your username. '\u270D\uFE0F By {UserName}' By default":"Defina o que quiser, use {UserName} como o seu nome de usu\xE1rio. Padr\xE3o: '\u270D\uFE0F Por {UserName}'.",
"Save Shared Image To Folder For Mobile":"Guardar a imagem partilhada para pasta na vers\xE3o m\xF3vel",
"Save image to folder for mobile. False by Default":"Guardar a imagem partilhada para pasta na vers\xE3o m\xF3vel. Desactivado por padr\xE3o.",
"Share Memos Image Footer Start":"Partilhar a Imagem de um memorando - In\xEDcio do Rodap\xE9",
"Set anything you want here, use {MemosNum} to display Number of memos, {UsedDay} for days. '{MemosNum} Memos {UsedDay} Days' By default":"Defina como preferir, use {MemosNum} para mostrar o n\xFAmero de memorandos e use {UsedDay} para dias. 'Padr\xE3o: {MemosNum} Memorandos {UsedDay} Dias'.",
"Share Memos Image Footer End":"Partilhar a Imagem de um memorando - Fim do Rodap\xE9",
"Set anything you want here, use {UserName} as your username. '\u270D\uFE0F By {UserName}' By default":"Defina como preferir, use {UserName} como o seu nome de usu\xE1rio. Padr\xE3o: '\u270D\uFE0F Por {UserName}'.",
"Save Shared Image To Folder For Mobile":"Guardar a Imagem Partilhada para Pasta na Vers\xE3o M\xF3vel",
"Save image to folder for mobile. False by Default":'Guardar a imagem partilhada para pasta na vers\xE3o m\xF3vel. Padr\xE3o: "Falso".',
"Say Thank You":"Agrade\xE7a",
Donate:"Doar",
"If you like this plugin, consider donating to support continued development:":"Se gosta deste plugin, considere doar para apoiar o seu desenvolvimento cont\xEDnuo:",
"File Name of Recycle Bin":"Nome da Reciclagem",
"Set the filename for recycle bin. 'delete' By default":"Define o nome do ficheiro para a Reciclagem. Padr\xE3o: 'delete'.",
"File Name of Query File":"Nome do arquivo do ficheiro de Consulta",
"Set the filename for query file. 'query' By default":"Define o nome do ficheiro para Consultas. Padr\xE3o: 'Query'.",
"File Name of Query File":"Nome do Ficheiro de Query",
"Set the filename for query file. 'query' By default":"Define o nome do ficheiro de Query. Padr\xE3o: 'Query'.",
"Use Tags In Vault":"Usar Tags no Vault",
"Use tags in vault rather than only in Memos. False by default.":"Usar as Tags do Vault e n\xE3o somente do Memos. Desactivado por padr\xE3o.",
"Use tags in vault rather than only in Memos. False by default.":'Usar as Tags do Vault e n\xE3o somente dos memorandos. Padr\xE3o: "Falso".',
"Ready to convert image into background":"Pronto para converter imagem em fundo",
List:"Lista",
Task:"Tarefa",
@ -8125,7 +8128,7 @@ var pt = {
Settings:"Defini\xE7\xF5es",
"Recycle bin":"Reciclagem",
"About Me":"Acerca de mim",
"Fetching data...":"A procurar dados...",
"Fetching data...":"A obter dados...",
"Here is No Zettels.":"N\xE3o existem Zettels.",
"Frequently Used Tags":"Tags Usadas Frequentemente",
"What do you think now...":"Em que est\xE1 a pensar...",
@ -8136,7 +8139,7 @@ var pt = {
RESTORE:"RESTAURAR",
"DELETE AT":"ELIMINADO EM",
"Noooop!":"Noooop!",
"All Data is Loaded \u{1F389}":"Todos os dados foram carregados \u{1F389}",
"All Data is Loaded \u{1F389}":"Todos os Dados foram Carregados \u{1F389}",
"Quick filter":"Filtro r\xE1pido",
TYPE:"TIPO",
LINKED:"LINKED",
@ -8156,29 +8159,246 @@ var pt = {
"EDIT QUERY":"EDITAR QUERY",
MATCH:"IGUALA",
TIMES:"VEZES",
"Share Memo Image":"Partilhar imagem do Memo",
"Share Memo Image":"Partilhar Imagem de Memo",
"\u2197Click the button to save":"\u2197Clique no bot\xE3o para guardar",
"Image is generating...":"A gerar Imagem..",
"Image is loading...":"A carregar Imagem...",
"Loading...":"Carregando...",
"\u{1F61F} Cannot load image, image link maybe broken":"\u{1F61F} N\xE3o \xE9 poss\xEDvel carregar a imagem, o link da imagem parece estar quebrado",
"\u{1F61F} Cannot load image, image link maybe broken":"\u{1F61F} N\xE3o \xE9 poss\xEDvel carregar a imagem, o link da imagem pode estar incorrecto",
"Daily Memos":"Memos Di\xE1rios",
"CANCEL EDIT":"CANCELAR EDI\xC7\xC3O",
"LINK TO THE":"LINK PARA O",
"Mobile Options":"Op\xE7\xF5es M\xF3veis",
"Don't support web image yet, please input image path in vault":"Ainda n\xE3o existe suporte para imagens de web. Por favor, insira o link para uma imagem no vault",
"Don't support web image yet, please input image path in vault":"Ainda n\xE3o existe suporte para imagens de web. Por favor, insira o link para uma imagem do vault",
"Background Image in Dark Theme":"Imagem de fundo no Tema Escuro",
"Background Image in Light Theme":"Imagem de fundo no Tema Claro",
'Set background image in dark theme. Set something like "Daily/one.png"':'Defina a imagem de fundo no Tema Escuro. Defina algo como "Daily/one.png"',
'Set background image in light theme. Set something like "Daily/one.png"':'Defina a imagem de fundo no Tema Claro. Defina algo como "Daily/one.png"',
'Set default memo composition, you should use {TIME} as "HH:mm" and {CONTENT} as content. "{TIME} {CONTENT}" by default':'Defina a composi\xE7\xE3o padr\xE3o do Memo, deve usar {TIME} como "HH:mm" e {CONTENT} como conte\xFAdo. Padr\xE3o: "{TIME} {CONTENT}"',
"Default Memo Composition":"Composi\xE7\xE3o Padr\xE3o do Memo",
"Background Image in Dark Theme":"Imagem de Fundo no Tema Escuro",
"Background Image in Light Theme":"Imagem de Fundo no Tema Claro",
'Set background image in dark theme. Set something like "Daily/one.png"':'Defina a imagem de fundo para o tema escuro. Defina da seguinte forma: "Daily/one.png".',
'Set background image in light theme. Set something like "Daily/one.png"':'Defina a imagem de fundo para o tema claro. Defina da seguinte forma: "Daily/one.png".',
'Set default memo composition, you should use {TIME} as "HH:mm" and {CONTENT} as content. "{TIME} {CONTENT}" by default':'Defina a composi\xE7\xE3o padr\xE3o do memorando, deve usar {TIME} como "HH:mm" e {CONTENT} como conte\xFAdo. Padr\xE3o: "{TIME} {CONTENT}".',
"Default Memo Composition":"Composi\xE7\xE3o Padr\xE3o de um Memorando",
"Show Tasks Label":"Mostrar Etiquetas de Tarefas",
"Show tasks label near the time text. False by default":"Mostrar etiquetas de tarefas pr\xF3ximo ao texto de tempo. Desactivado por padr\xE3o",
"Please Open Memos First":"Por favor, abra os Memos primeiro"
"Show tasks label near the time text. False by default":'Mostrar etiquetas de tarefas pr\xF3ximas do texto de tempo. Padr\xE3o: "Falso".',
"Please Open Memos First":"Por favor, abra o Memos primeiro",
"Allow Comments On Memos":"Permitir Coment\xE1rios nos Memorandos",
"You can comment on memos. False by default":'Permite que comente os memorandos. Padr\xE3o: "Falso".',
Import:"Importar",
"TITLE CANNOT BE NULL!":"O T\xCDTULO N\xC3O PODE SER NULO!",
"FILTER CANNOT BE NULL!":"O FILTRO N\xC3O PODE SER NULO!",
"Comments In Original DailyNotes/Notes":"Coment\xE1rios nas Notas/Notas Di\xE1rias Originais",
"You should install Dataview Plug-in ver 0.5.9 or later to use this feature.":"Deve instalar a vers\xE3o 0.5.9 ou posterior do plugin Dataview para usar esta funcionalidade.",
"Open Memos Successfully":"Memos Iniciado com Sucesso",
"Fetch Error":"\u{1F62D} Erro de Fetch",
"Copied to clipboard Successfully":"Copiado para a \xE1rea de transfer\xEAncia com sucesso",
"Check if you opened Daily Notes Plugin Or Periodic Notes Plugin":"Verifique se abriu o plugin de Notas Di\xE1rias ou de Notas Peri\xF3dicas",
"Please finish the last filter setting first":"Por favor, termine primeiro a configura\xE7\xE3o do \xFAltimo filtro",
"Close Memos Successfully":"Memos Fechado com Sucesso",
"Insert as Memo":"Inserir como um Memorando",
"Insert file as memo content":"Inserir ficheiro como conte\xFAdo de um memorando",
"Image load failed":"Falha no carregamento da imagem",
"Content cannot be empty":"O Conte\xFAdo n\xE3o pode estar vazio",
"Unable to create new file.":"N\xE3o foi poss\xEDvel criar um novo ficheiro.",
"Failed to fetch deleted memos: ":"Falha no fetch dos memorandos removidos: ",
"RESTORE SUCCEED":"RESTAURO BEM SUCEDIDO",
"Save Memo button icon":"\xCDcone do Bot\xE3o para Guardar Memorandos",
"The icon shown on the save Memo button in the UI.":"O \xEDcone exibido na UI do bot\xE3o para guardar memorandos.",
"Fetch Memos From Particular Notes":"Obter Memorandos de Notas Espec\xEDficas",
'You can set any Dataview Query for memos to fetch it. All memos in those notes will show on list. "#memo" by default':'Pode definir qualquer Query de Dataview para o Memos procurar. Todos os memorandos nessas notas ser\xE3o mostrados na lista. Padr\xE3o: "#memo".',
"Allow Memos to Fetch Memo from Notes":"Permitir que o Memos Obtenha memorandos das Notas",
"Use Memos to manage all memos in your notes, not only in daily notes. False by default":'Use o Memos para gerir todos os memorandos nas suas notas e n\xE3o apenas nas notas di\xE1rias. Padr\xE3o: "Falso".',
"Always Show Memo Comments":"Mostrar Coment\xE1rios dos Memorandos",
"Always show memo comments on memos. False by default":'Mostrar sempre os coment\xE1rios dos memorandos. Padr\xE3o: "Falso".',
"You didn't set folder for daily notes in both periodic-notes and daily-notes plugins.":"N\xE3o definiu a pasta para as notas di\xE1rias, quer no plugin the Notas Peri\xF3dicas ou de Notas Di\xE1rias.",
"Please check your daily note plugin OR periodic notes plugin settings":"Por favor, verifique as configura\xE7\xF5es dos plugins de Notas Di\xE1rias OU de Notas Peri\xF3dicas",
"Use Which Plugin's Default Configuration":"Usar a Configura\xE7\xE3o Padr\xE3o do Plugin",
"Memos use the plugin's default configuration to fetch memos from daily, 'Daily' by default.":"O Memos usa a configura\xE7\xE3o padr\xE3o do plugin seleccionado para obter memorandos diariamente. Padr\xE3o: 'Notas Di\xE1rias'.",
"User name in Memos":"Nome de Usu\xE1rio no Memos",
"Set your user name here. 'Memos \u{1F60F}' By default":"Defina o nome de usu\xE1rio. Padr\xE3o: 'Memos \u{1F60F}'.",
"Insert after heading":"Inserir ap\xF3s o cabe\xE7alho",
"You should set the same heading below if you want to insert and process memos below the same heading.":"Deve definir o mesmo cabe\xE7alho na configura\xE7\xE3o posterior se pretende inserir e processar memorandos abaixo do cabe\xE7alho aqui definido.",
"Allows admonitions to be created using ":"Permitir que Admonitions sejam criadas usando ",
"Process Memos below":"Processar Memorandos abaixo do Cabe\xE7alho",
"Only entries below this string/section in your notes will be processed. If it does not exist no notes will be processed for that file.":"Somente as entradas abaixo deste cabe\xE7alho ser\xE3o processadas nas suas notas. Se n\xE3o configurar esta funcionalidade, nenhuma nota ser\xE1 processada para o ficheiro respetivo.",
"Save Memo button label":"Legenda do Bot\xE3o de Guardar Memorandos",
"The text shown on the save Memo button in the UI. 'NOTEIT' by default.":'Define o texto apresentado na UI do bot\xE3o guardar memorandos. Padr\xE3o: "NOTEIT".',
"Focus on editor when open memos":"Focar no Editor ao iniciar o Memos",
"Focus on Editor when open memos. Focus by default.":'Focar no editor ao iniciar o Memos. Padr\xE3o: "Focar".',
"Open daily memos with open memos":"Abrir memorandos di\xE1rios ao iniciar o Memos",
"Open daily memos with open memos. Open by default.":'Abrir memorandos di\xE1rios ao iniciar o Memos. Padr\xE3o: "Abrir".',
"Open Memos when obsidian opens":"Abrir Memos quando o Obsidian inicia",
"When enable this, Memos will open when Obsidian opens. False by default.":'Quando esta op\xE7\xE3o est\xE1 activa, o Memos abrir\xE1 quando o Obsidian inicia. Padr\xE3o: "Falso".',
"Hide done tasks in Memo list":"Ocultar tarefas conclu\xEDdas na lista de memorandos",
"Hide all done tasks in Memo list. Show done tasks by default.":'Ocultar todas as tarefas conclu\xEDdas na lista de memorandos. Padr\xE3o: "Mostrar tarefas conclu\xEDdas".',
"Advanced Options":"Op\xE7\xF5es Avan\xE7adas",
"UI language for date":"Idioma na UI da Data ",
"Translates the date UI language. Only 'en' and 'zh' are available.":"Define o idioma na UI da Data. De momento, apenas 'en', 'fr', 'pt' e 'zh' est\xE3o dispon\xEDveis.",
"Default prefix":"Prefixo Padr\xE3o",
"Set the default prefix when create memo, 'List' by default.":"Define o prefixo padr\xE3o quando um memorando \xE9 criado. Padr\xE3o: 'Lista'.",
"Default insert date format":"Formato Padr\xE3o para Inser\xE7\xE3o de Data",
"Set the default date format when insert date by @, 'Tasks' by default.":"Define o formato de Data padr\xE3o ao inserir a data usando '@'. Padr\xE3o: 'Tarefas'.",
"Default editor position on mobile":"Posi\xE7\xE3o Padr\xE3o do Editor de Memorandos na Vers\xE3o M\xF3vel",
"Set the default editor position on Mobile, 'Top' by default.":"Define a posi\xE7\xE3o padr\xE3o do editor de memorandos na vers\xE3o m\xF3vel. Padr\xE3o: 'Topo'.",
"Use button to show editor on mobile":"Usar Bot\xE3o para Mostrar o Editor na Vers\xE3o M\xF3vel",
"Set a float button to call editor on mobile. Only when editor located at the bottom works.":"Define um bot\xE3o flutuante para abrir o editor na vers\xE3o m\xF3vel. Op\xE7\xE3o dispon\xEDvel somente quando a posi\xE7\xE3o do editor est\xE1 definida para 'Fundo'.",
"Show Time When Copy Results":"Mostrar a Hora ao Copiar os Resultados",
"Show time when you copy results, like 12:00. Copy time by default.":"Mostrar a Hora, no formato '12:00', ao copiar os resultados. Padr\xE3o: 'Copiar a hora'.",
"Show Date When Copy Results":"Mostrar a Data ao Copiar os Resultados",
"Show date when you copy results, like [[2022-01-01]]. Copy date by default.":'Mostrar a Data, no formato [[2022-01-01]], ao copiar os resultados. Padr\xE3o: "Copiar a hora".',
"Add Blank Line Between Different Date":"Adicionar Linha em Branco entre Datas Diferentes.",
"Add blank line when copy result with date. No blank line by default.":'Adicionar linha em branco ao copiar resultados com Data. Padr\xE3o: "N\xE3o adicionar linha."',
"Share Options":"Op\xE7\xF5es de Partilha",
"Share Memos Image Footer Start":"Partilhar a Imagem de um memorando - In\xEDcio do Rodap\xE9",
"Set anything you want here, use {MemosNum} to display Number of memos, {UsedDay} for days. '{MemosNum} Memos {UsedDay} Days' By default":"Defina como preferir, use {MemosNum} para mostrar o n\xFAmero de memorandos e use {UsedDay} para dias. 'Padr\xE3o: {MemosNum} Memorandos {UsedDay} Dias'.",
"Share Memos Image Footer End":"Partilhar a Imagem de um memorando - Fim do Rodap\xE9",
"Set anything you want here, use {UserName} as your username. '\u270D\uFE0F By {UserName}' By default":"Defina como preferir, use {UserName} como o seu nome de usu\xE1rio. Padr\xE3o: '\u270D\uFE0F Por {UserName}'.",
"Save Shared Image To Folder For Mobile":"Guardar a Imagem Partilhada para Pasta na Vers\xE3o M\xF3vel",
"Save image to folder for mobile. False by Default":'Guardar a imagem partilhada para pasta na vers\xE3o m\xF3vel. Padr\xE3o: "Falso".',
"Say Thank You":"Agrade\xE7a",
Donate:"Doar",
"If you like this plugin, consider donating to support continued development:":"Se gosta deste plugin, considere doar para apoiar o seu desenvolvimento cont\xEDnuo:",
"File Name of Recycle Bin":"Nome da Reciclagem",
"Set the filename for recycle bin. 'delete' By default":"Define o nome do ficheiro para a Reciclagem. Padr\xE3o: 'delete'.",
"File Name of Query File":"Nome do Ficheiro de Query",
"Set the filename for query file. 'query' By default":"Define o nome do ficheiro de Query. Padr\xE3o: 'Query'.",
"Use Tags In Vault":"Usar Tags no Vault",
"Use tags in vault rather than only in Memos. False by default.":'Usar as Tags do Vault e n\xE3o somente dos memorandos. Padr\xE3o: "Falso".',
"Ready to convert image into background":"Pronto para converter imagem em fundo",
List:"Lista",
Task:"Tarefa",
Top:"Topo",
Bottom:"Fundo",
TAG:"TAG",
DAY:"DIA",
QUERY:"QUERY",
EDIT:"EDITAR",
PIN:"FIXAR",
UNPIN:"DESAFIXAR",
DELETE:"ELIMINAR",
"CONFIRM\uFF01":"CONFIRMAR\uFF01",
"CREATE FILTER":"CRIAR FILTRO",
Settings:"Defini\xE7\xF5es",
"Recycle bin":"Reciclagem",
"About Me":"Acerca de mim",
"Fetching data...":"A obter dados...",
"Here is No Zettels.":"N\xE3o existem Zettels.",
"Frequently Used Tags":"Tags Usadas Frequentemente",
"What do you think now...":"Em que est\xE1 a pensar...",
READ:"LER",
MARK:"ASSINALAR",
SHARE:"PARTILHAR",
SOURCE:"ORIGEM",
RESTORE:"RESTAURAR",
"DELETE AT":"ELIMINADO EM",
"Noooop!":"Noooop!",
"All Data is Loaded \u{1F389}":"Todos os Dados foram Carregados \u{1F389}",
"Quick filter":"Filtro r\xE1pido",
TYPE:"TIPO",
LINKED:"LINKED",
"NO TAGS":"SEM TAGS",
"HAS LINKS":"TEM LINKS",
"HAS IMAGES":"TEM IMAGENS",
INCLUDE:"INCLUIR",
EXCLUDE:"EXCLUIR",
TEXT:"TEXTO",
IS:"\xC9",
ISNOT:"N\xC3O \xC9",
SELECT:"SELECCIONAR",
"ADD FILTER TERMS":"ADICIONAR TERMOS DE FILTRAGEM",
FILTER:"FILTRAR",
TITLE:"T\xCDTULO",
"CREATE QUERY":"CRIAR QUERY",
"EDIT QUERY":"EDITAR QUERY",
MATCH:"IGUALA",
TIMES:"VEZES",
"Share Memo Image":"Partilhar Imagem de Memo",
"\u2197Click the button to save":"\u2197Clique no bot\xE3o para guardar",
"Image is generating...":"A gerar Imagem..",
"Image is loading...":"A carregar Imagem...",
"Loading...":"Carregando...",
"\u{1F61F} Cannot load image, image link maybe broken":"\u{1F61F} N\xE3o \xE9 poss\xEDvel carregar a imagem, o link da imagem pode estar incorrecto",
"Daily Memos":"Memos Di\xE1rios",
"CANCEL EDIT":"CANCELAR EDI\xC7\xC3O",
"LINK TO THE":"LINK PARA O",
"Mobile Options":"Op\xE7\xF5es M\xF3veis",
"Don't support web image yet, please input image path in vault":"Ainda n\xE3o existe suporte para imagens de web. Por favor, insira o link para uma imagem do vault",
"Background Image in Dark Theme":"Imagem de Fundo no Tema Escuro",
"Background Image in Light Theme":"Imagem de Fundo no Tema Claro",
'Set background image in dark theme. Set something like "Daily/one.png"':'Defina a imagem de fundo para o tema escuro. Defina da seguinte forma: "Daily/one.png".',
'Set background image in light theme. Set something like "Daily/one.png"':'Defina a imagem de fundo para o tema claro. Defina da seguinte forma: "Daily/one.png".',
'Set default memo composition, you should use {TIME} as "HH:mm" and {CONTENT} as content. "{TIME} {CONTENT}" by default':'Defina a composi\xE7\xE3o padr\xE3o do memorando, deve usar {TIME} como "HH:mm" e {CONTENT} como conte\xFAdo. Padr\xE3o: "{TIME} {CONTENT}".',
"Default Memo Composition":"Composi\xE7\xE3o Padr\xE3o de um Memorando",
"Show Tasks Label":"Mostrar Etiquetas de Tarefas",
"Show tasks label near the time text. False by default":'Mostrar etiquetas de tarefas pr\xF3ximas do texto de tempo. Padr\xE3o: "Falso".',
"Please Open Memos First":"Por favor, abra o Memos primeiro",
"Allow Comments On Memos":"Permitir Coment\xE1rios nos Memorandos",
"You can comment on memos. False by default":'Permite que comente os memorandos. Padr\xE3o: "Falso".',
Import:"Importar",
"TITLE CANNOT BE NULL!":"O T\xCDTULO N\xC3O PODE SER NULO!",
"FILTER CANNOT BE NULL!":"O FILTRO N\xC3O PODE SER NULO!",
"Comments In Original DailyNotes/Notes":"Coment\xE1rios nas Notas/Notas Di\xE1rias Originais",
"You should install Dataview Plug-in ver 0.5.9 or later to use this feature.":"Deve instalar a vers\xE3o 0.5.9 ou posterior do plugin Dataview para usar esta funcionalidade.",
"Open Memos Successfully":"Memos Iniciado com Sucesso",
"Fetch Error":"\u{1F62D} Erro de Fetch",
"Copied to clipboard Successfully":"Copiado para a \xE1rea de transfer\xEAncia com sucesso",
"Check if you opened Daily Notes Plugin Or Periodic Notes Plugin":"Verifique se abriu o plugin de Notas Di\xE1rias ou de Notas Peri\xF3dicas",
"Please finish the last filter setting first":"Por favor, termine primeiro a configura\xE7\xE3o do \xFAltimo filtro",
"Close Memos Successfully":"Memos Fechado com Sucesso",
"Insert as Memo":"Inserir como um Memorando",
"Insert file as memo content":"Inserir ficheiro como conte\xFAdo de um memorando",
"Image load failed":"Falha no carregamento da imagem",
"Content cannot be empty":"O Conte\xFAdo n\xE3o pode estar vazio",
"Unable to create new file.":"N\xE3o foi poss\xEDvel criar um novo ficheiro.",
"Failed to fetch deleted memos: ":"Falha no fetch dos memorandos removidos: ",
"RESTORE SUCCEED":"RESTAURO BEM SUCEDIDO",
"Save Memo button icon":"\xCDcone do Bot\xE3o para Guardar Memorandos",
"The icon shown on the save Memo button in the UI.":"O \xEDcone exibido na UI do bot\xE3o para guardar memorandos.",
"Fetch Memos From Particular Notes":"Obter Memorandos de Notas Espec\xEDficas",
'You can set any Dataview Query for memos to fetch it. All memos in those notes will show on list. "#memo" by default':'Pode definir qualquer Query de Dataview para o Memos procurar. Todos os memorandos nessas notas ser\xE3o mostrados na lista. Padr\xE3o: "#memo".',
"Allow Memos to Fetch Memo from Notes":"Permitir que o Memos Obtenha memorandos das Notas",
"Use Memos to manage all memos in your notes, not only in daily notes. False by default":'Use o Memos para gerir todos os memorandos nas suas notas e n\xE3o apenas nas notas di\xE1rias. Padr\xE3o: "Falso".',
"Always Show Memo Comments":"Mostrar Coment\xE1rios dos Memorandos",
"Always show memo comments on memos. False by default":'Mostrar sempre os coment\xE1rios dos memorandos. Padr\xE3o: "Falso".',
"You didn't set folder for daily notes in both periodic-notes and daily-notes plugins.":"N\xE3o definiu a pasta para as notas di\xE1rias, quer no plugin the Notas Peri\xF3dicas ou de Notas Di\xE1rias.",
"Please check your daily note plugin OR periodic notes plugin settings":"Por favor, verifique as configura\xE7\xF5es dos plugins de Notas Di\xE1rias OU de Notas Peri\xF3dicas",
"Use Which Plugin's Default Configuration":"Usar a Configura\xE7\xE3o Padr\xE3o do Plugin",
"Memos use the plugin's default configuration to fetch memos from daily, 'Daily' by default.":"O Memos usa a configura\xE7\xE3o padr\xE3o do plugin seleccionado para obter memorandos diariamente. Padr\xE3o: 'Notas Di\xE1rias'.",
Daily:"Di\xE1rio"
};
varptBR={};
varro={};
varru={};
vartr={};
@ -8348,7 +8568,10 @@ var zhCN = {
"Please check your daily note plugin OR periodic notes plugin settings":"\u8BF7\u68C0\u67E5\u4F60\u7684\u65E5\u8BB0\u63D2\u4EF6\u548C/\u6216 Periodic Notes \u63D2\u4EF6\u7684\u8BBE\u7F6E",
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Daily:"\u65E5\u8BB0\u63D2\u4EF6"
Daily:"\u65E5\u8BB0\u63D2\u4EF6",
"Always Show Leaf Sidebar on PC":"\u5728 PC \u4E0A\u603B\u662F\u5C55\u793A\u5DE6\u4FA7\u680F",
"Show left sidebar on PC even when the leaf width is less than 875px. False by default.":"\u5728 PC \u4E0A\u5373\u4F7F\u9875\u9762\u5BBD\u5EA6\u5C0F\u4E8E 875px \u65F6\u90FD\u5C55\u793A\u5DE6\u4FA7\u680F\u3002\u9ED8\u8BA4\u4E3A\u5173\u95ED",
"You didn't set format for daily notes in both periodic-notes and daily-notes plugins.":"\u4F60\u5728 Periodic Notes \u63D2\u4EF6\u548C\u65E5\u8BB0\u63D2\u4EF6\u90FD\u6CA1\u8BBE\u7F6E\u65E5\u8BB0\u7684\u683C\u5F0F"
@ -19454,6 +19697,10 @@ class MemosSettingTab extends require$$0.PluginSettingTab {
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newrequire$$0.Setting(containerEl).setName(t$1("Default prefix")).setDesc(t$1("Set the default prefix when create memo, 'List' by default.")).addDropdown(async(d)=>{
"05.02 Networks/GitHub - onceuponBash-Oneliner A collection of handy Bash One-Liners and terminal tricks for data processing and Linux system maintenance..md",
"00.03 News/A Crime Beyond Belief.md",
"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-05-03.md",
"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-05-02.md",
"03.02 Travels/Short breaks.md",
"03.02 Travels/@Travels.md",
"01.02 Home/@Shopping list.md",
"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-05-01.md"
"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-05-09.md",
"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-05-10.md",
"00.03 News/Down the Hatch.md",
"00.03 News/Are the Next Global Tennis Stars Among These Tweens.md",
"03.03 Food & Wine/Big Shells With Spicy Lamb Sausage and Pistachios.md",
"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-05-07.md",
"00.01 Admin/Calendars/2022-05-08.md",
"00.03 News/Massacre in Tadamon how two academics hunted down a Syrian war criminal.md",
# Are the Next Global Tennis Stars Among These Tweens?
![A young player prepares to serve during an IMG Future Stars tournament at the posh Tatoi Club, north of Athens. The event is for boys and girls ages 12 and under.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/05/01/sports/01tennis-img-kids7/01tennis-img-kids7-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
Credit...Myrto Papadopoulos for The New York Times
The search for elite players is so competitive that IMG, the agency that once ruled tennis, is cultivating preteens to find the next prodigy, giving them access to representatives from the pro tours and Nike.
A young player prepares to serve during an IMG Future Stars tournament at the posh Tatoi Club, north of Athens. The event is for boys and girls ages 12 and under.Credit...Myrto Papadopoulos for The New York Times
- May 1, 2022
ACHARNES, Greece — Behold Dominik Defoe. Ten years old and barely taller than the net. Golden brown shoulder-length curls bouncing in the air as he chases and crushes tennis balls, which he does better than just about any kid his age.
Defoe loves to fiddle with the GPS in his mother’s car, so in the morning when they head to school, the phone directs them to Roland Garros, site of the French Open. He does it so often that his mother knows Roland Garros is 2 hours 47 minutes away from their home in Belgium.
Defoe was nearly in tears earlier this year when he received one of the 48 invitations from IMG, the sports and entertainment conglomerate, to attend the first Future Stars Invitational Tournament at the posh Tatoi Club in the northern suburbs of Athens. The event, for boys and girls aged 12 and under, is both a tournament and a weeklong education in the life that might await Defoe and his rarefied peers, complete with seminars led by executives at Nike and the men’s and women’s pro tours, the ATP and the WTA.
The race to find the sport’s next stars has come to this: With eight-figure fortunes potentially at stake, agents and scouts are evaluating and cultivating players even younger than 10 who are just getting started in serious competition. Future Stars is the newest and most extravagant recruitment effort for IMG, the company that essentially invented the sports representation business and dominated tennis for years.
“Nobody wants to have a tournament for 11- and 12-year-olds,” said Max Eisenbud, who leads the company’s tennis division. “I’d rather wait, but the competition forced us into this situation.”
For years, IMG’s agents collected future stars in two ways: Tweens and young teens (Maria Sharapova for example) either showed up at its academy in Bradenton, Fla., once the premier training ground in the sport, looking for one of the plentiful scholarships; or the agents showed up in Tarbes, France, for Les Petit As, the world’s premier tournament for players younger than 14. There, they often had something close to the pick of the litter.
Image
![Max Eisenbud, onetime agent to Maria Sharapova and today a senior vice president of IMG Tennis, poses for a portrait on an indoor court at the Tatoi Club.](https://static01.nyt.com/images/2022/05/01/sports/01tennis-img-kids5/01tennis-img-kids5-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale)
Credit...Myrto Papadopoulos for The New York Times
During the past decade though, rival academies opened across Europe and IMG’s academy focused more on profiting from families paying tuition rather than making long-shot bets on teenagers. Also, in recent years, when Eisenbud and his colleagues made their annual trips to Les Petit As, they found that nearly all the most promising players had already signed contracts with other management companies, many of them well-funded boutique operations that were offering generous financial guarantees, sometimes stretching well beyond covering the roughly $50,000 annual cost for coaching and travel on the junior circuit.
And so, in a sign of cutthroat times in tennis, IMG is aiming younger, even if prospecting preteen talent can be nearly impossible and highly fraught, risking increasing the pressure on children who already put plenty on themselves and, in some cases, carry the financial responsibilities for their struggling families.
If stars like Naomi Osaka and Bianca Andreescu, Grand Slam tournament champions who are in their 20s, have had to take breaks from tennis to care for their mental health, it’s not a stretch to consider the risks of raising expectations so explicitly for prepubescent children. During a talk for the girls on how to stay physically and mentally healthy, Saga Shermis, an athlete development specialist with the WTA, said she expected to see them on the tour in the coming years. It can be a lot.
“At this age they are still learning,” said Adam Molenda, a youth coach with Poland’s tennis federation, after watching two of his players, Antonina Snochowska and Maja Schweika, rally for an hour on Monday. “You never can say who will make it. Life is full of surprises.”
And decisions.
Grace Bernstein, a young Swedish standout, floated across the court and blasted balls against a boy as her mother watched from the fence. Whether she plays tennis or cards, Bernstein competes relentlessly, said her mother, Catharina, a former player whose singles ranking peaked at 286 in 1991. She plays at an academy run by Magnus Norman, once the world’s second-ranked men’s singles player. She is also a top soccer player.
“She goes back and forth, but for now it’s tennis, so she plays tennis,” Catharina Bernstein said.
Image
Credit...Myrto Papadopoulos for The New York Times
For some, fame and fortune really can seem inevitable. Eisenbud famously signed Sharapova when she was 11 years old after watching her hit for 45 minutes with an intensity and flawlessness he had never before seen. Carlos Alcaraz, who turns 19 on Thursday and is already the hottest young player in the men’s game, was deemed worthy of investment as a can’t-miss 11-year-old, too. Then again, Eisenbud was sure the first player he signed, Horia Tecau of Romania, was destined for greatness. Tecau became a top doubles specialist but never cracked the top 300 in singles.
Eisenbud hatched his plan 18 months ago for a lavish competition with most expenses covered and all the perks of a professional event — ball kids, chair umpires, immaculate red clay courts, Beats headphones and swag from Nike for all the kids.
“We want to treat them like professional athletes,” said Elli Vizantiou, the chief executive of the Tatoi Club.
Not entirely forgetting they are kids, there was also a treasure hunt, group dinners each night and a tour of the Parthenon. IMG brought in Alcaraz, fresh off his win in the Barcelona Open final, to play an exhibition against Hubert Hurkacz, the 14th-ranked men’s singles player.
Assembling the Future Stars field required months of interviews with coaches and tennis federation officials all over the world, evaluating resumes and tournament results, and scouring videos, looking for the magical combination of athleticism and skill. Creating a globally representative field was important, too. Finding a future top 50 player from a country or a demographic group that has never produced a tennis star could be groundbreaking and incredibly lucrative.
Players had to come with a chaperone, which in most cases was a parent, and a coach, giving IMG the chance to build relationships..
Image
Credit...Gary I. Rothstein for The New York Times
Eisenbud encouraged the coaches to pepper the Italian coach Riccardo Piatti, who led a coaching seminar, with questions, describing him as the “best” in the world.
Piatti spent Tuesday morning with an eye on Tyson Grant, a top under-12 player whose family he has been working with for nearly seven years. Piatti also oversees the coaching for Tyson’s 14-year-old sister, Tyra, who is already an IMG client. Tyson and Tyra’s father, Tyrone Grant, is nearly 6-foot-8 and played basketball professionally for a decade in Europe. With good genes, an early start and guidance from a renowned coach, Tyson Grant could be a decent bet.
A few courts over, Haniya Minhas was ripping one of the great young backhands, which she begins with the nub of her racket handle just about resting on her back hip.
“My favorite shot,” she said. “Everyone tells me to extend my arms, but I like the way I do it.”
Minhas, 11, is Pakistani and Muslim. She plays in a hijab, long sleeves and tights, and already looks like a billboard in the making.
She has been winning tournaments since she was 5 years old. Her search for suitable competition has taken her from Pakistan, where there is little support for girls’ sports and where she competed against and beat all of the boys her age, to Turkey. Her mother, Annie, said she and her daughter want to prove that someone who looks and dresses differently from most players and is from a country that has never had a tennis star can beat anyone. They expect to sign with an agent when Haniya turns 12.
“We are trying to change the thinking,” Annie Minhas said.
Image
Credit...Myrto Papadopoulos for The New York Times
Teo Davidov has a neat trick. Davidov, arguably the top boys’ player under 12, lives in Florida. His parents moved from Bulgaria to Colorado a decade ago when his father won the green card lottery. Born right-handed, he hits forehands on both sides and can serve with either hand, too. His father and coach, Kalin, started trying to make Teo ambidextrous in tennis when he was 8 years old because he was hyperactive. Kalin thought that stimulating the right hemisphere of his brain, which controls attention and memory, and the left side of the body, with left-handed exercises, would make him calmer.
“Hopefully it also helps his game,” said Kalin Davidov. The technique is devastating for now, but a top player has never succeeded by playing that way.
The Davidovs first got to know Eisenbud and IMG three years ago, after Kalin posted a video of his son’s double-forehand game on Facebook. Soon, the phone rang. Babolat, the French racket maker, is a sponsor.
Michael Chang, who won the French Open in 1989 at 17, came with his daughter, Lani, who displayed an awfully familiar-looking drop shot and buried her nose in a Rick Riordan novel on the shuttle bus between the courts and the hotel. Chang said the circuit for young juniors has transformed since his childhood, with far more travel and international competition.
“They’re getting a taste of what it’s like,” he said.
Image
Credit...From left: Associated Press; Matthew Futterman
Gunther Darkey, a former middling pro from Britain, brought his son, Denzell, a top prospect and one of the few Black elite juniors for the Lawn Tennis Association. Alcaraz has a 10-year-old brother, Jaime, who was good enough to receive an invitation. So was Meghan Knight, the daughter of a well-known cricketer from England.
“You’ve got to be the kind of person who from 9 years old can improve consistently while taking losses every week for 10 or 15 years,” said Seb Lavie, who brought two players from his academy in Auckland, New Zealand.
Dominik Defoe insisted he is prepared for whatever it takes to make it. He was just about the smallest of the two dozen boys. He still plays with a junior-size racket and struggled to keep up with Grant in his first match. His opponents all try to hit with heavy topspin to bury him in the backcourt. He swats the ball back on a short hop before it kicks above his head.
Image
Credit...Matthew Futterman
Defoe, who is fluent in four languages, promised himself as a toddler that he would win the French Open. He has built his existence around giving himself the best chance to make that happen.
He attends school in the morning for math and language lessons, but he works independently on the rest of his studies to free up more hours for tennis. Studying the pros closely, he decided not to have one favorite but built a composite player who has Dominic Thiem’s forehand, Nick Kyrgios’s serve, Novak Djokovic’s backhand, Rafael Nadal’s attitude, Roger Federer’s net game and Felix Auger-Aliassime’s footwork. He practices mindfulness by writing in a journal.
“He told me when we were coming here that this journey was like a train ride,” said his mother, Rachel, who was his first coach. “This is just one stop, one station. Then the train goes on.”
# Did Jesse James Bury Confederate Gold? These Treasure Hunters Think So.
## What does a search involving possible missing Confederate bounty, the myth of Jesse James, the FBI and a mysterious map reveal about the American psyche?
Carrying a metal detector, Chad Somers hops a small creek while hunting for gold outside Zanesville, Ohio. (Dustin Franz/For The Washington Post)
I clung to a rope on a nearly vertical hillside in rural Ohio, gingerly inching my way down toward a hand-dug shaft that was said to conceal an enormous cache of solid gold bars. I lost my footing and started to slide, but the rope saved me from rolling 70 feet to a creek below or crashing into the trunks of pines and beeches that towered over the slope. The old beech trees were especially haunting: Their smooth bark was elaborately carved with rabbits, human faces, hearts, letters, a boat and what looked like crude blueprints. The trees told an epic story, according to the treasure hunters I was with.
The tale featured the outlaw Jesse James, a powerful secret network of collaborators, and vast quantities of gold they allegedly buried in “depositories” from here to Utah and New Mexico to fund a Confederate uprising after the Civil War. The notorious gunslinger had been a Confederate guerrilla during the Civil War before turning to robbing banks and trains. The treasure hunters were intrigued by a controversial theory that he was part of an underground effort to help the South rise again.
It was a Wednesday in mid-March, the fourth day of the expedition. So far, the findings seemed promising. Grainy video from a camera snaked into a tunnel off the shaft showed potentially man-made structures and possibly reflective material. A metal detector capable of penetrating 25 feet was pinging and showing large metallic targets. It was time to call in a track hoe and start major digging.
“This is no longer a treasure hunt. This is a treasure recovery,” declared Chad Somers, a wiry former rodeo bull rider who had discovered the site. He was joined by Brad Richards, a retired high school history teacher from Michigan who had appeared in two seasons of the History channel series “The Curse of Civil War Gold,” and Warren Getler, a former journalist and longtime investigator of Confederate treasure claims who had been a consultant on Disney’s 2007 treasure-hunting blockbuster “National Treasure: Book of Secrets.” Somers had invited Getler for his prominence in the field; Getler brought in Richards, a friend from previous historical treasure investigations.
My disbelief was suspended as shakily as my body on the hillside. I *wanted* to believe there was gold in them thar hills. But Ohio is one of the last places I would have chosen to dig for treasure buried by Jesse James. History books say he and his brother, Frank, marauded farther west, from the 1860s until 1882, when James Gang traitor Robert Ford shot him in the back of the head in Missouri. During his unusually long career for an outlaw, James cultivated his own mystique, teasing the lawmen on his trail in cheeky letters to newspapers and staging robberies as spectacular, bloody public spectacles. He came to be seen as a noble Robin Hood who was so slick he may have faked his own death. The claim that he buried some of the loot he stole, as well as gold from other sources, was a part of the myth that the treasure hunters hoped to verify.
It seemed fitting that this hunt was in a secluded forest about 30 miles northwest of Zanesville, the birthplace of Zane Grey, the prolific popularizer of the Old West in scores of novels. Whether we found gold or not, we were plunging deep into American mythologies of one sort or another: outlaw legends, fables of rebellion, beguiling notions of hidden historical hands operating behind the scenes.
Zanesville had been seized by treasure-hunting fever before. In March 1949, a posse of men claiming to be intimates or kin of Jesse James blew into town with a primitive land mine detector to search for $1.5 million in gold that they said was buried somewhere just to the north. In the end, all they dug up was an empty metal box, but they told the local papers they also found carvings on trees that they interpreted as clues. In fact, their failure only validated the almost mystical qualities they attributed to James. One of the treasure hunters told the Zanesville Times Recorder that the outlaw had foreseen the invention of metal detectors but knew “how to cover \[treasure\] with something so no machine will ever locate it.”
Treasure hunting maintains its grip on American culture, with at least two dozen reality shows over the past decade devoted to finding everything from the Holy Grail to the riches of the Knights Templar, according to the database [IMDb.com](http://imdb.com/). The predictable, tortured conclusion of these shows is nearly always the same: no treasure — so it must *still* be out there. But I was descending into the mystery anyway, enchanted in spite of myself. I had first encountered Getler’s work on the Confederate underground in 2009, when I interviewed him about the oddly related mysteries of Masonic symbology around Washington that best-selling novelist Dan Brown centered in [his D.C. thriller](https://read.amazon.com/kp/embed?asin=B002KQ6BT6&preview=newtab&linkCode=kpe&ref_=cm_sw_r_kb_dp_E6VRG0K3KC6G5TQFM11C&tag=thewaspos09-20) that year.
I’d come to see treasure hunting and amateur code breaking as metaphors for our age, when the traditional arbiters of truth — the media, government officials, political parties, religious institutions — have lost some, or all, of their authority. We have to decipher things on our own. The challenge in such a conspiratorial climate is to distinguish truth from speculation: What’s the difference between secret knowledge that guides you to a pot of gold and, say, the signs that lead you to suspect that a presidential election was stolen, or that a deadly virus is fake news? The men I was with were looking for something tangibly precious, sure — but in other ways, maybe they were also searching for something that we’re all missing.
At the beginning of the “National Treasure” sequel, Nicolas Cage’s character lectures in Washington about a shadowy fraternity called the Knights of the Golden Circle and a dark secret contained in the missing pages of John Wilkes Booth’s diary. Had the diary pages not been burned, he says, Abraham Lincoln’s “killers may have found a vast treasure of gold, and the Union may well have lost the Civil War.”
It sounds like a villainous conspiracy concocted in Hollywood — except that the fiction is spiced with fact. The Knights of the Golden Circle really did exist. According to one of the few mainstream histories of the organization, “[Knights of the Golden Circle: Secret Empire, Southern Secession, Civil War](https://read.amazon.com/kp/embed?asin=B00B119JF4&preview=newtab&linkCode=kpe&ref_=cm_sw_r_kb_dp_8BHVFR8F63060AH6J7MK&tag=thewaspos09-20)” by David C. Keehn, Booth and at least one other conspirator in plots to kidnap or kill Lincoln probably were members.
The KGC was founded in the 1850s by a Virginia doctor transplanted to — yes — Ohio. It was primarily a Southern group but had plenty of Northern sympathizers, including hundreds in a county about an hour north of Zanesville, according to a news report at the time. The group attracted 50,000 members. Before the war they focused on agitating for secession and building a slaveholding empire in a geographic circle encompassing the southern United States, the Caribbean and parts of Latin America. During the war, they filled the ranks of Confederate forces. After the war, the KGC seemed to melt away, possibly splintering into pro-South successor groups or joining the Ku Klux Klan.
This was just when Jesse James was making his own transition from wartime Confederate guerrilla to postwar, politically inspired, anti-Union bandit and killer. Over the next century, legends of the KGC and myths of the outlaw became entwined and endlessly embellished.
And Confederate gold did go missing. In the waning days of the war, in April 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis fled Richmond with a trainload of what was left of the Confederate treasury in gold and silver. Some of it was lost or stolen in the chaos, and the case remains a mystery. A popular theory in treasure-hunting circles is that the KGC may have had a hand in the matter, and that the group also buried much more gold from other sources in multiple locations. KGC historian Keehn disagrees: “I never really found anything that supports the treasure-hunting thing,” he told me.
James entered the picture in the early 1960s and mid-1970s when a self-styled private detective named Orvus Lee Howk, who claimed to be James’s grandson, wrote a book and contributed to another arguing that the outlaw was a KGC leader who buried gold. Howk presented no evidence beyond his colorful yarns, but he had joined the treasure hunt in Zanesville in 1949. Today, the James-KGC-gold connection forms an active subculture within treasure-hunting culture, spawning books like “[Jesse James and the Lost Templar Treasure](https://read.amazon.com/kp/embed?asin=B07JYLC1MD&preview=newtab&linkCode=kpe&ref_=cm_sw_r_kb_dp_70WV9Z755ND9XMCMW058&tag=thewaspos09-20)” and TV movies like “Jesse James’ Hidden Treasure.”
T.J. Stiles, author of the groundbreaking biography “[Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War](https://read.amazon.com/kp/embed?asin=B0047747Q0&preview=newtab&linkCode=kpe&ref_=cm_sw_r_kb_dp_DJJDQNQAR8A633W7KJW0&tag=thewaspos09-20),” told me that the treasure hunters get at least one important thing right about the outlaw: He was a much more significant political figure than standard accounts portray. “With Jesse, it was crime plus politics,” Stiles says. He and his gang “weren’t modern terrorists, but what distinguishes him from all the other criminals in the 19th century is the way he would use his notoriety to promote a political cause” — namely, the Lost Cause of the South and the maintenance of white supremacy. James was part of a band that targeted banks connected to Unionists and harassed election officials during the midterms of 1866. He decried the postwar Republican party of Lincoln and advocated against the reelection of Ulysses S. Grant in 1872. The treasure hunters, says Stiles, leap “ahead of the evidence” when they extend James’s political program to include burying gold to support a Confederate resurrection or some other mysterious power grab.
James roamed as far north as Minnesota to rob a bank, but no deeds in Ohio have been documented. And yet, this is undoubtedly murky territory, which makes absolute proof of anything elusive. James “lived his whole life underground, and there’s no collection of \[personal\] letters from him,” Stiles says. “All the evidence about him personally has to be delivered with a caveat, so that also means that he’s more susceptible to revisions, and sometimes weird revisions. … Somebody is going to study, if they haven’t already, \[the connection\] between this kind of conspiracy theory approach to history in recent decades and people’s willingness to [believe that the election was stolen](https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/01/07/republicans-big-lie-trump/?itid=lk_inline_manual_22), for example — this belief in the sensational and conspiracies and hidden hands.”
Getler says he admires the work of Stiles and Keehn but thinks historians’ search for truth doesn’t cover all the ground. “They don’t get their hands dirty in the field as an archaeologist or even treasure people,” he says. “There’s no way to get at this history unless you’re being a guy who’s literally digging in the ground.” Getler insists his speculations are not a conspiracy theory; rather, they are a theory about a known conspiracy — the KGC — and pushing the theory in new directions. “I’m the last person to say this is all neatly integrated, seamless. ... It’s messy. It’s suggestive. Much of it is not definitive. But there’s enough there to make the case.”
Each of the trio of treasure hunters in Ohio was after something more elusive than gold. A bit of bullion would be nice, of course. They even discussed how they would document the discovery, should there be one. But any gold they dug up would be a token of something more personally priceless.
Getler, 61, a former reporter with the International Herald Tribune, the Wall Street Journal and other publications, was a senior writer for Discovery Communications in the late 1990s when he started researching the history. (Getler is the son of the late [Michael Getler](https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/michael-getler-washington-post-editor-who-became-incisive-in-house-media-critic-dies-at-82/2018/03/15/a63d44ac-1fc7-11e8-94da-ebf9d112159c_story.html?itid=lk_inline_manual_26), who was a deputy managing editor and ombudsman at The Washington Post.) That’s when he met a veteran treasure hunter named Bob Brewer from Arkansas. Brewer, who’d retired from a Navy career including combat service in Vietnam, believed that some elders in his extended family in the early 20th century had been “sentinels” guarding caches of supposed KGC gold. One had showed him a “treasure tree” scarred with strange carved symbols.
Brewer taught himself to read telltale signs left in trees and rocks — such as hearts, turtles and turkey tracks — and to follow lines of buried clues for miles through the hills and woods. Using his system, in 1991, in a hilly forest in western Arkansas, he located a cache of gold and silver coins minted between 1802 and 1889, with a face value of nearly $460. Two years later he assisted in another haul in Oklahoma, following a copy of a map with the symbol “JJ” and attributed to Jesse James by other treasure hunters.
Getler thought the implications of Brewer’s experiences — the existence of a powerful secret network after the Civil War — could be the biggest story of his career. It would add a missing chapter to American history and would raise the question of what became of the secret network. In the National Archives, Getler found KGC records with examples of the group’s coded symbols. Brewer and he located other markings that old stories tied to the KGC on suspected treasure trails in several states. They also found symbols similar to those cited by Howk as having been left by James. In 2003, Simon & Schuster published their book “Shadow of the Sentinel” (retitled “[Rebel Gold](https://www.amazon.com/Rebel-Gold-Behind-Treasure-Confederacy/dp/0743219694)” for the paperback) with 21 pages of endnotes, about the quest to crack the code of KGC treasure.
The work inspired a new generation of KGC treasure hunters; even [the FBI joined the chase](https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2021/06/28/fbi-civil-war-gold/?itid=lk_inline_manual_29). In 2018, a father-and-son treasure-hunting team said they had detected a large cache of gold in a forest at Dents Run in northwestern Pennsylvania: as much as $50 million in suspected gold stolen from a mule-led Union Army pack train in 1863. Citing Getler’s KGC research, an FBI agent filed an affidavit seeking permission to dig up and seize the gold as stolen federal property. The story of the lost gold, the agent wrote in the affidavit, “fits the description of a KGC ‘waybill’ as it provides a very detailed ‘map’ in its telling of an account, mixing truth and symbols.”
In the end, the FBI said it found no gold. But the hunters grew suspicious when the agents wouldn’t let them watch the excavation, and after residents later told reporters they had heard digging at night and seen convoys of FBI vehicles leaving the site. In response to a lawsuit filed by the treasure hunters, the agency has been ordered to start releasing documents related to the dig later this month.
Since the early 2000s, Getler has been an entrepreneur and worked in communications for tech companies, including an underground detection technology firm. Periodically in his spare time, he returns to KGC treasure investigations. “He’s got his teeth around the leg of this thing … and he just won’t let it go,” Robert Whitcomb, Getler’s former editor at the Herald Tribune, told me. “He’s always been a very, very persistent writer and journalist.”
One of Getler’s closest friends, Andy Secher, a trilobite fossil specialist affiliated with the American Museum of Natural History in New York, says Getler always “had the idea that he had a great purpose. That there was something in his writing, in his future …. that was going to significantly impact a lot of people.” If exposing gold cached by a secret network is that decisive project, Secher says that he, for one, still needs to see proof it’s real. “From the bottom of my heart, I can’t wish him more luck and every good tiding,” he says. “But the question becomes at some point, show me something. And I say that to him all the time.”
Getler told me he tries to approach the subject as the journalist he used to be. “I’m not sitting here saying to people, ‘Believe, believe, believe.’ It takes my own skepticism to be overcome to start feeling good about the overall picture,” he says. “You can dismiss it outright. You can chuckle at it. Or you can say, ‘Hmmm, what if there’s something rather profound here?’ And gold bars are a touchstone for it all.” Finding gold in Ohio would be a vindication, a demonstration that his theories are correct and that our understanding of history must be adjusted.
“It’s become my legacy, it’s my life’s work,” he says. “You can kick me in the shins a million times: ‘Warren, pull up a damn gold bar and prove it.’ I’m as close as you possibly can be.”
Brad Richards, 52, the former history teacher from Michigan, told me that beyond recouping his expenses for two trips to Ohio, the gold means less than the possible contribution to history. “How many untold stories are out there?” he says. “It would be incredibly exciting to be a part of discovering and illuminating hidden history.” He adds that he’s the “skeptical one.” “I’m not big on looking at grainy video footage and being 100 percent certain on anything. ... I’ve got to see it to believe it.”
Chad Somers, 43, the former bull rider, was raised in a speck of a rural crossroads called Purity, near the treasure site. When Somers was about 10, a neighbor his grandfather did some work for told the boy there was a rumor that James had buried gold down by a creek where the boy was headed to play. Somers vowed to find it.
After his bull-riding days in his 20s, he fell on hard times. He and his girlfriend, Hope Bowser, lived in a mobile-home park and paid the rent by doing maintenance, until they were evicted and lost everything, he told me. One day about four years ago, they found an old portrait at a yard sale that reminded them of Jesse and Frank James. An appraiser cast doubt on it being a photo of the brothers, so Somers started researching to try to authenticate the portrait himself, in order to sell it. “He was going to prove that Jesse James had been in Ohio,” Bowser told me. “That’s what started this whole thing.”
Bowser and one of her brothers co-owned about two dozen acres that included the forest on the steep hill overlooking the creek — the same creek Somers had visited as a boy of about 10. Any treasure found could be claimed by them. Local lore held that there had been a gold mine in the area a long time ago, and Somers began to wonder if the rumors of a gold mine and the rumors of outlaw gold were conflations of the same story. One day he announced to Bowser, “I’m going to dig Jesse James’s gold bars out of the side of your hill.”
He explored the forest, looking for a place to dig. He took a smoke break at one of the only flat places on the hillside, a narrow ledge beside a tree shaped like a W. Somers suddenly had what he described to me as a kind of vision that featured James, wearing an oilskin duster, smoking a cigar, announcing that he would bury his biggest treasure right here. Somers commenced digging.
> “It’s become my legacy, it’s my life’s work,” says treasure hunter Warren Getler about his search to find gold that he believes was buried by Jesse James.
People around Purity laughed at him, thought he was wasting his time. When he needed money, he suspended digging to remodel houses or cut firewood. At one point he had made it down 30 feet — I saw a picture of him down there — and stood on what he thought could be the concrete top of a vault. To learn more about what he was looking for, he ordered Getler and Brewer’s book, and it became his bible. He brought it into the field with him every day as he scoured the territory for the kinds of markers and symbols that the authors described.
Late last year, he sent Getler a Facebook message about his preliminary findings. Getler had received similar queries and was wary. But when he heard how close Somers was to Zanesville, “He was like, ‘I’ll call you back,’ and we’ve been in very close touch ever since,” Somers says. Getler made an exploratory visit in December.
Somers saw the treasure hunt in the largest possible terms. “I think we can all agree that we need a little hope right now,” he told me on the phone, before I went to Ohio. “… I want people that really have nothing … to see what they can do. I’m not saying everybody can go out and find a treasure like this, but I’m saying that with the right mind-set and determination, the things they think are out of reach might be closer than they thought.”
Years ago, when I first discovered Getler and Brewer’s book on cracking the KGC code, I read portions of it aloud to my eldest daughter, then age 10. The way the authors described the American landscape itself as potentially being an encoded map, studded with clues that looked ordinary only to those lacking imagination and skill, was magical. My daughter was familiar with scavenger hunts, of course, and together we marveled at the possibility that more than a century ago people laid clues for anyone to find.
Now, in Ohio, as a journalist rather than as a dad, I was forced to confront whether the power of this story lay in its truth or its creativity — and I knew my job was to be on the lookout for signs the magic was an illusion.
All right, now the adventure begins,” Getler said on the first day of the hunt as we trudged a muddy half-mile across a field and through the woods to the site of the suspected treasure trove.
Richards, the former teacher from Michigan, and his son, Bradley, a high school freshman, were taking readings above the shaft with a deep-penetrating metal detector hooked up to a digital imaging system. Bradley tethered himself to a tree to run the machine on the unforgiving incline. “The data will show what the data will show,” Richards said as his son walked grids on the hill.
Getler led me down to look at the carvings on the beech trees. He said these offered some of the most promising evidence that this could be a treasure site. On one, hearts and arrows were tilted to point in the direction of the shaft. There were carved rabbits — “rabbit trails” being a reference to paths leading to treasure — and a pair of “Js” carved back-to-back, which, according to Jesse James treasure lore, depicts the outlaw’s initials. There was a diagram that Getler interpreted as a shaft with tunnels, and beside it was a portrait of a man with a broad brim hat and what could be a vault or a chest near where his heart should be.
Getler conceded that some of this could be graffiti left by lovers — initials, hearts and arrows — but that’s how KGC treasure hieroglyphics tend to work, he said. Clues are hiding in plain sight, mixed intentionally or coincidentally with red herrings, he said. A further point of validation, he added, is that some of the symbology here in Ohio, such as the hearts and the “JJs,” matched that found at other suspected treasure sites out west.
He hurried me on to another elaborately carved tree where he said I would get to see James’s signature. Getler had spotted it on his first visit in December. “When I saw his name on the tree, I trembled and tears came out of my eyes,” he recalled. The tree’s carvings told a story in three acts, he said, depicting how the group brought the gold up the creek, buried it and certified that the outlaw was their leader. But today the signature — “Jesse W. James 1882” — was invisible, and he didn’t have a picture from December. It had been raining. Getler fingered the moist bark. “Damn it,” he said. “It’s too wet.”
We returned to that beech each day, waiting for the bark to dry and for the signature to reappear. I was troubled that the symbology seemed so malleable, open to the creation of more than one story. The risk of confirmation bias — fitting the signs to a desired meaning — seemed enormous. But I also found that I was invested, too. One day I suddenly saw a long boat carved across the trunk of the signature tree. Getler hadn’t known what to make of those horizontal lines that converged upward into a prow. He savored my addition to the story. “Maybe they’re saying they came by barge here?” Getler asked.
Other evidence that Getler and Somers relied on included a copy of a treasure map attributed to Howk — the alleged confidant or grandson of James’s who had been on the 1949 Zanesville treasure hunt. The map is widely shared on the Internet in treasure-hunting circles, but I couldn’t determine who first posted it, and Getler didn’t know either. He had gone to the trouble of checking signed initials on the map against the handwriting in Howk’s letters in a Texas archive — but Howk’s veracity is dismissed by historians. I wasn’t ready to trust the map, but Getler’s and Somers’s interpretation revealed how they approached the code breaking.
The map appeared to show geographical features of the Ohio property. If so, a “Confederate Depository” was indicated at the site where Somers started digging his shaft. But the map was labeled — Getler and Somers would say intentionally mislabeled — as describing a treasure site somewhere in Tennessee. Somers scrutinized faint hand-lettering at the top of the map that appeared to say “Battle Site.” He noticed the stem of the letter “B” was detached from the curves, which could make it “13.” And “attle” was written in such a way that could be read as “oHio.” Rather than “Battle Site,” did it say “13 Ohio Site,” with 13 coinciding with the plat number of the property? In addition, Somers and Getler proposed that when the map was turned to reflect the north-south direction of the creek in Ohio, the “N” in the locational note “From Nashville” could become the “Z” in “From Zanesville.”
The treasure hunters also cited a letter from Howk to another participant in the 1949 Zanesville treasure search. It referenced clues including an old shovel, a wagon iron and a wolf trap, and instructed, “Drive a stake at each point until we can run the lines\[;\] then where the lines cross is your solution.” Somers had uncovered a shovel, with the blade pointing toward the shaft, and a wagon axle, also pointing toward the shaft. He had yet to find a wolf trap.
> The risk of confirmation bias — fitting the signs to a desired meaning — seemed enormous. But I also found that I was invested, too.
I was pulling for Somers, Getler and Richards to be right about all this, despite what the historians said. It would be a more interesting world if they were, and it would give others the courage to challenge conventional wisdom. But before I could become a true believer, I needed to see if their narrative could withstand attempts to poke holes in it.
First, the beech trees. Could they really be that old? I had brought a tape measure with me. While the treasure hunters were taking metal-detector readings and exploring related sites, I measured the circumference of the trees that were pillars of their story. Earlier I had called Scott Aker, head of horticulture and education at the U.S. National Arboretum in Washington, for a briefing on the age of trees. He told me that, indeed, beech trees can grow to be hundreds of years old. Unfortunately, the surest ways to tell a tree’s age is to cut it down, or bore a hole into it, and count the rings.
However, one way some arborists estimate a beech tree’s age is to divide a tree’s circumference in inches by 3.14 (or pi) and multiply by six. By that method, three of the key trees range in age from about 130 to 170 years old, which would date them to the mid- to late 19th century. But the tree where Getler saw the signature would be only about 110 years old. Aker cast doubt on this method because it doesn’t account for local growing conditions; the trees could easily be older — or younger. Results of my tree-measuring test: ambiguous.
I looked for neighbors of the Ohio site who might have family lore about James, in addition to the gold rumors Somers had heard. Lavina Nethers, 85, lives a short drive from the dig site. Sitting in her living room, she told me how her late husband, James Nethers, had been named for Jesse James and that his great-great-grandmother had regularly washed the outlaw’s clothes and given him a meal when he passed through the area. One day, “she told Jesse that she wouldn’t be able to wash his clothes or take care of him when he comes through again. And he wanted to know why. She told him that they were going to foreclose on the farm the next day and she wouldn’t be there. And he said, ‘Don’t worry about it; I’ll take care of it. I’ll see you tomorrow.’ He came back the next morning and had the money for her foreclosure. … The next day, the bank was robbed. She got to keep the farm and they got their money.”
A potential problem with Nethers’s testimony, though, is that stories about James paying off mortgages are legion. I was reminded of a verse by Woody Guthrie: “Many a starvin’ farmer / The same story told / How the outlaw paid their mortgage / And saved their little homes.” Guthrie was singing about Pretty Boy Floyd, not James, but paying off the mortgages of society’s underdogs is an archetype of American outlaw legends, a refashioning of Robin Hood with a gun instead of a longbow.
Later I called Eric James, in Danville, Ky., who runs a Jesse James family website and genealogical database dedicated to documenting the family tree back to Colonial Virginia and correcting what he considers myths about the outlaw. Almost every week he gets a letter or email from people with old family stories about James. What is it about Jesse James that triggers a sense of connection in so many, real or imagined? “People need heroes,” says James, 79, who’s writing a five-volume history of the James family, and whose research shows he’s a distant cousin of Jesse James. “We don’t have heroes today.”
To many in the James family, the outlaw’s legend has been a burden — including stories of buried treasure and periodic Hollywood glamorization, such as 2007′s “The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford,” starring Brad Pitt. “It’s been going on ever since Jesse was assassinated,” Eric James says. “And thanks to reality TV, it’s not going to stop in the near future or the next 100 years.” He adds: “The funny part about it is, all the James descendants would love for the treasure hunters to find the gold, because then we could claim the inheritance! … \[Or\] if they could prove it came from a bank or a railroad, that money could be claimed by ... the descendants of those corporations.”
I found myself wrestling with the tension between keeping an open mind and not being deluded. “What lies between skepticism and credulity?” I asked one morning, as Getler and I sat beside the shaft Somers had dug, while Brad and Bradley Richards took more detector readings to pick a spot to start drilling. “A straight skeptic might never find gold, and an overly credulous person might be faked out all the time and keep going, wanting to believe. … \[But\] belief is also an important part of the tool kit.”
“If you don’t have that, you can’t keep going,” Getler agreed. “That’s where I say ambiguity is our worst enemy. … And the sad part is, until you pull up bars of gold in Dents Run, or Ohio, or \[a third active site in\] New Mexico, it’s just, for some, a lot of hot air, or wild speculation, or some might even say a fool’s errand.”
Say what you will about tree carvings and treasure maps; it’s harder to argue with metal detectors. The Richardses had confirmed two fat targets near Somers’s site, and a ground-penetrating radar survey later indicated other possible targets nearby. Getler conceded the devices they were using weren’t as sophisticated as the equipment that the FBI drew upon at Dents Run — he couldn’t afford that technology here — but the Ohio technology *had* obtained readings at Dents Run consistent with the results that convinced the FBI to dig, he said. As I continued my cautious journey down the rope on that hopeful fourth day when digging was to begin and the hill would yield its secrets, my mind was still open to any possibility. Was I feeling treasure fever?
The rope delivered me safely to the ledge by the shaft, where I found Somers crouching beside his makeshift tunnel braces. Sun was glinting off the creek, a gossipy circle of wild turkeys faced us on the other side, and Somers was in a pensive mood. He was pretty sure he was about to become a rich man, and he had complicated feelings about that. It would lift him out of poverty and allow him to provide for his family and friends, but he knew gold could also be a curse. “At the end of this thing, I just want everybody involved to be able to sit down and smile and wrap our minds around what we have done … regardless of whether it’s in there,” he said, adding: “I mean, we kind of already know it’s in there.”
Somers couldn’t help remarking that for all the fancy technology and theories that had been brought to bear, they were *still* digging right where, in his vision, Jesse James had told him to dig in the first place.
Getler hired a local equipment operator who began carving a switchback path that would allow his track hoe to descend the steep grade to the dig site. They worked on the road all day, filling the forest with the grinding sound of human intervention. By nightfall, the path was nearly done.
The next day began with two omens, one hopeful, one not so much. As the track hoe operator prepared to fell a dead tree and position the machine for the final assault on the treasure, Somers reached into the dirt at the base of the tree and found a T-shaped piece of metal. It was the same shape as the diagrams carved on two of the beech trees. The operator’s assistant identified it as a portion of an animal trap. Could this be the wolf trap spoken of in the letter between Zanesville treasure hunters in 1949 — or was it meaningless scrap? Any attempts to date the artifact would have to wait.
“Hey, Chad, nice find there, buddy,” Getler said. “After that, I’m one step closer to believing it’s here, and if it’s not, I’ll eat my words.”
Getler made a last visit to the beech trees. I sat with him on the ground and contemplated the carvings, wondering if the discoveries to come would confirm the story he thought the trees told. But Jesse James’s signature was still invisible. Was the bark too wet — or had he even been here?
By day’s end, the track hoe finally reached the site. The sun was about to set, so Getler postponed digging until morning. Given that schedule, I thought I could depart the scene to give Hope Bowser a lift to the gas station because her car had run out of gas. While I was at the pump, I got a text message that the treasure digging had begun anyway — and something dramatic was happening. I was out of position, a reporter’s worst nightmare. I raced back to the site and later reconstructed a few moments that I missed via interviews and video that I reviewed.
Somers rode the excavator’s shovel down into the hole and started opening what he thought looked like a passage deeper into the hill. “Tunnel, tunnel!” exclaimed Getler, standing on a berm above the hole. “If they confirm a tunnel, I’m going to start hugging everyone.”
Suddenly, seemingly out of nowhere, an angry man stalked onto the scene. He ordered the digging to halt and everyone to leave the property.
Bowser identified him as one of her brothers, though not the one she said co-owned the property with her. But the co-owner soon contacted her as well and let her know he disapproved of digging for alleged gold with a track hoe and cutting a road to get to the site. The brothers had been taken by surprise by the amount of disruption to the property, and it was clear that at least some members of Bowser’s family considered the treasure hunt a deluded fantasy.
We left. I felt as though a spell had been broken. The cold reality of family drama made the treasure hunt seem like a game that made sense only if you were in on it. It dawned on me that, in spite of ourselves, we had arrived at that most predictable juncture in a treasure narrative: the moment of reconciling with the absence of treasure.
But treasure narratives have infinite powers of regeneration. Gold hadn’t been found — but neither had an empty hole. Within several days, after Getler, the Richardses and I had left Ohio, members of Bowser’s family relented. One told me, on the condition that I not publish his name because of his job, that stories of gold on the property go back decades. In the 1950s, a man dug for gold there for years. He probably thought the gold had been buried, because mineralogists have determined the area is not suited for naturally occurring gold, the family member said. But the digger apparently never found anything.
The family allowed the hunt for Jesse James’s gold to continue, on the condition that it be conducted less invasively. Somers began excavating by hand, crawling into tunnels and voids. He snaked a camera deeper into the hill, and as this story was going to press, he was sending back images that he and Getler interpreted as signs of objects and tool work.
For the time being, though, that thing more precious than gold that each of the treasure hunters was seeking continued to elude them. I hadn’t found what I was looking for, either — something solid to hold on to in this swirl of legend, fact and fantasy; a final verdict. These days, certainty may be the most out-of-reach treasure of all.
*David Montgomery is a staff writer for the magazine. Staff researchers Alice Crites, Magda Jean-Louis, Jennifer Jenkins, Monika Mathur and Razzan Nakhlawi contributed to this story.*
# How a billionaires boys’ club came to dominate the public square
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The world’s richest man, Elon Musk, attacked a publication owned by the world’s third-richest man, Jeff Bezos, last month for reprinting a column published by the world’s 13th-richest man, Mike Bloomberg.
The Bloomberg opinion article, posted by The Washington Post, asked whether Musk’s recent investment in Twitter would endanger freedom of speech. “WaPo always good for a laugh,” Musk [wrote](https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1511418378057142275) in a tweet, with smiling and crying emoji.
The jab underscored an unusual and consequential feature of the nation’s new digital public square: Technological change and the fortunes it created have given a vanishingly small club of massively wealthy individuals the ability to play arbiter, moderator and bankroller of not only the information that feeds the nation’s discourse but also the architecture that undergirds it.
Musk’s agreement Monday to [purchase Twitter](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/25/twitter-elon-musk-deal/?itid=lk_inline_manual_8) for $44 billion — a number slightly larger than the [gross domestic product](https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=false) of Jordan — will allow him to follow through on his stated desire to loosen restrictions on the content that crosses the fourth-largest social media network in the United States. He joins Meta founder Mark Zuckerberg, No. 15 on the [Forbes list of the world’s wealthiest](https://www.forbes.com/real-time-billionaires/#1423ebe83d78), who has autonomy over the algorithms and moderation policies of the nation’s top three social media platforms: Facebook, Instagram and Facebook Messenger.
Twitter accepted a $44 billion takeover offer from Elon Musk on April 25. Why did he want to buy the social media giant? (Video: Hadley Green, Julie Yoon/The Washington Post)
The information that courses over these networks is increasingly produced by publications controlled by fellow billionaires and other wealthy dynasties, who have filled the void of the collapsing profit-making journalism market with varying combinations of self-interest and altruism. It is a situation that has alarmed policy experts at both ends of the increasingly vicious ideological and partisan divides.
“This is almost becoming like junior high school for billionaires,” Brookings Institution scholar Darrell M. West said of the new information magnates. “The issue is we are now very dependent on the personal whims of rich people, and there are very few checks and balances on them. They could lead us in a liberal, conservative or libertarian direction, and there is very little we can do about that.”
Nearly all of these executives, including Musk, claim benevolent motivations, and many, like Bezos who owns The Post, have established firewalls of editorial independence that protect against their direct influence on articles such as this one. But the power to fund, shape and hire leaders that decide what is shared and what is covered has nonetheless become the subject of its own political conflict. Partisans find themselves celebrating the autonomy of the rich men who they see as serving their interests, while simultaneously objecting to the unchecked power of those who don’t.
Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Tex.) — who has for months railed against the dangers of what he has called “overlords in Silicon Valley” censoring conservative news and views — called Musk’s Twitter purchase this week “without exaggeration the most important development for free speech in decades.” Liberal activists and [even some Twitter employees](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/25/twitter-employees-musk/?itid=lk_inline_manual_16), meanwhile, reacted with fears that more disinformation and hate speech, which is largely protected under federal law, might soon be coursing at greater volume through the nation’s intellectual bloodstream.
“I don’t think it’s a great commentary on the state of affairs that we are relying on a billionaire oligarch to save free speech online,” said Jon Schweppe, the policy director of the American Principles Project, a conservative think tank pushing for less moderation of conservative views on social networks. “It’s unfortunate that we need to have a hero. But we do.”
Musk has not been specific about what he plans to do with Twitter, although he has dropped a steady stream of hints, including his objection to private “censorship that goes far beyond the law.” He has suggested new monetization strategies and less reliance on advertising, while sharing memes that irreverently describe Twitter’s “left wing bias” and dismisses as extreme the views of “woke” progressives.
“The far left hates everyone, including themselves!” he [tweeted Friday](https://twitter.com/elonmusk/status/1520017094007476224). “But I’m no fan of the far right either. Let’s have less hate and more love.”
Ironically, his moves have been endorsed by former Twitter chief executive Jack Dorsey (No. 396 in the Forbes list) — one of the “overlords” who Cruz attacked — who has argued that freeing the company from the burdens of a public company will allow it to better serve as a public utility.
“Taking it back from Wall Street is the correct first step,” he tweeted Monday. “I trust \[Musk’s\] mission to extend the light of consciousness.”
Activists on the left, who have a different vision of public square moderation, have scoffed at the notion that any individual — White men who dwell in bubbles of limitless luxury, no less — should be able to filter information for the country’s voters.
“Even if Elon Musk was the smartest person on earth, had the best heart, had been touched by God, I wouldn’t want him to have that much power,” said Robert McChesney, a professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, who has advocated against concentration in media ownership. “It is antithetical to democratic political theory.”
Other billionaires, in the meantime, have been branching out to fund broader parts of the nation’s democratic process, moving beyond even their outsize role as donors to political campaigns and organizations. Zuckerberg spent $419.5 million to fund election administrators during the 2020 elections, sparking outrage among Republicans and cheers among Democrats. “I agree with those who say that government should have provided these funds, not private citizens,” Zuckerberg said in a statement at the time.
Many of his billionaire peers have been expanding investments into journalism and punditry, aiming in many cases to shape voter understanding of their place in the world. Laurene Powell Jobs (No. 111) bought a majority stake in the Atlantic in 2017. Salesforce chief executive Marc Benioff (No. 309) bought Time magazine in 2018.
Microsoft founder Bill Gates (No. 4) has spent tens of millions of dollars through his foundation to directly fund journalism at outlets such as NPR that cover issues he cares about, such as health and the environment. Others have funded more narrow publishing efforts. The wealthy Chinese exile Guo Wengui has worked on [media ventures](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/05/17/guo-wengui-disinformation-steve-bannon/?itid=lk_inline_manual_34) with Stephen K. Bannon, who was an adviser to President Donald Trump.
But these are merely the most recent forays by the uber-wealthy into traditional media ownership. Rupert Murdoch (No. 85) made his first purchase in the United States in 1976 when he bought the New York Post before launching Fox News and expanding to the Wall Street Journal, while Bloomberg created Bloomberg LP in 1981.
Both Murdoch and Bloomberg have invested heavily in opinion-driving journalism, through Fox News and Bloomberg Opinion, respectively. They follow in the tradition that emerged in the last century when wealthy families and scions, such as William Randolph Hearst and the Sulzberger family that owns the New York Times, came to dominate the largest newsgathering organizations.
The role of social media networks, which have [largely replaced print newspapers](https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/news-platform-fact-sheet/) as the way most Americans get their information, has complicated the issue, in part because so few networks are so dominant. A 2019 poll [by the Pew Research Center](https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2019/10/02/americans-are-wary-of-the-role-social-media-sites-play-in-delivering-the-news/) found 62 percent of Americans felt that social media companies have “too much control over the news people see.”
Brendan Nyhan, a Dartmouth political scientist who has studied misinformation and its effect on democracy, said social media allows Zuckerberg and Musk to have “greater influence over the flow of information than has been possible in human history.”
Of particular concern to Nyhan is the lack of transparency over the way these platforms control the information on them. Democrats and Republicans have recently expressed interest in increased antitrust enforcement, as well as new legal restrictions that condition the immunity social networks enjoy from civil lawsuits on their agreement to properly moderate debate. There are, naturally, deep divisions about what that moderation should look like.
In the European Union, lawmakers have been pushing forward laws that require social networks to crack down on speech illegal in Europe that is generally protected by the U.S. Constitution. The proposed laws also require algorithmic transparency and give consumers more control how their own information is used.
“The best way to articulate this is: A recalibration between these big tech companies and the oligarchs and the American people is warranted,” said Kara Frederick, the director of tech policy at the Heritage Foundation, who has been critical of the European approach but supports more regulation in the United States. “We can strip immunity from tech companies if they censor political or other views protected by the constitution.”
Ben Wizner, the director of the ACLU’s speech, privacy and technology project, said the key challenge presented by individual control social media and journalism is, at root, about scale.
“We are talking about a small handful of people who now exercise extraordinary control over the boundaries of our discourse,” Wizner said. “The importance for media and journalism is that there be a diverse ecosystem that represents the interests of many, not just of the few.”
Of course, billionaires with an ax to grind don’t need media ownership to change the information landscape. PayPal co-founder and early Facebook investor Peter Thiel (No. 552), who has given millions to GOP candidates this cycle, famously ran the gossip site Gawker out of business by secretly funding Hulk Hogan’s lawsuit against the site after it had published a recording of Hogan having sex with a friend’s estranged wife.
For his part, Musk appears to be enjoying the public focus on his enormous new power. He recently tweeted an insult directed at fellow billionaire Gates, in apparent retaliation for Gates having shorted Tesla’s stock. Musk posted a photo of Gates wearing a blue polo shirt stretched across his stomach next to an emoji of a pregnant man, and captioned the images with a crass observation about Gates’s girth.
When Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (D-N.Y.) posted a tweet Friday criticizing when “some billionaire with an ego problem unilaterally controls a massive communication platform and skews it,” Musk responded by suggesting the congresswoman had a romantic interest in him.
“Stop hitting on me, I’m really shy,” he tweeted.
Ocasio-Cortez replied, “I was talking about Zuckerberg but ok.”
The psychologist Jonathan Haidt has bad news for us. In a much discussed Atlantic piece called “Why the Past 10 Years of American Life Have Been Uniquely Stupid,” he lays out a view of our situation that’s grimmer than that grim title suggests—even if you throw in the grim subtitle: “It’s not just a phase.”
Haidt opens his piece (which is in the actual physical May issue of the magazine, as well as [online](https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2022/05/social-media-democracy-trust-babel/629369/)) by invoking the biblical story of Babel—in which God sees that humans are building a tower to heaven and decides to teach them a lesson: He makes them speak different languages so that coordinating on future projects will be hard. Haidt reminds us that in some versions of the story, though not the biblical one, God destroys the tower, leaving people to wander through the ruins, “condemned to mutual incomprehension.”
“The story of Babel,” Haidt writes, “is the best metaphor I have found for what happened to America in the 2010s, and for the fractured country we now inhabit. Something went terribly wrong, very suddenly. We are disoriented, unable to speak the same language or recognize the same truth. We are cut off from one another and from the past.”
Wait. It gets worse.
Babel, he writes, is “a story about the fragmentation of everything. It’s about the shattering of all that had seemed solid, the scattering of people who had been a community. It’s a metaphor for what is happening not only between red and blue, but within the left and within the right, as well as within universities, companies, professional associations, museums, and even families… After Babel, nothing really means anything anymore—at least not in a way that is durable and on which people widely agree.”
There are three main culprits in Haidt’s story, three things that have torn our world asunder: the like button, the share button (or, on Twitter, the retweet button), and the algorithms that feed on those buttons. “Babel is a metaphor for what some forms of social media have done to nearly all of the groups and institutions most important to the country’s future—and to us as a people.”
I would seem uniquely positioned to cheer us up by taking issue with Haidt’s depressing diagnosis. Near the beginning of his piece, he depicts my turn-of-the-millennium book *Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny* as in some ways the antithesis of his thesis—as sketching a future in which information technology unites rather than divides. He writes:
“President Bill Clinton praised *Nonzero*’s optimistic portrayal of a more cooperative future thanks to continued technological advance. The early internet of the 1990s, with its chat rooms, message boards, and email, exemplified the Nonzero thesis, as did the first wave of social-media platforms, which launched around 2003.” Thereafter, it would seem, history was less kind to the Nonzero thesis.
Well, two things I’m always happy to do are (1) cheer people up; and (2) defend a book I’ve written. I’d like to thank Haidt (who is actually a friend—but whom I’ll keep calling “Haidt” to lend gravitas to this essay) for providing me the opportunity to do both at once.
But don’t let your expectations get too high about the cheering people up part—because, for starters, the book I’m defending wasn’t *that* optimistic. I wrote in *Nonzero*, “While I’m basically optimistic, an extremely bleak outcome is obviously possible.” And even if we avoid a truly apocalyptic fate, I added, “several moderately bleak outcomes are possible.”
Still, looking around today, I don’t see *quite* as much bleakness as Haidt seems to see. And one reason, I think, is that I don’t see the causes of our current troubles as being quite as novel as he does. We’ve been here before, and humankind survived.
By “here” I mean a time when a big change in information technology has implications for social structure too dramatic to play out without turbulence. In *Nonzero* I discussed a number of such thresholds, including the invention of writing and the invention of the printing press.
Some of these thresholds look more like the current era than you might think. Though my book is often depicted (accurately but incompletely) as Haidt depicts it—as emphasizing the tendency of information technology to unite people—it also emphasizes the tendency of information technology to divide people, to deepen the bounds between tribes of various kinds, and to facilitate the creation of new, narrower tribes.
Consider Protestants, and the process by which they cleaved off from the Catholic church in the early 16th century and started a new tribe. They couldn’t have done it without the printing press, invented half a century earlier. Before the advent of printing, you needed legions of scribes to publish lots of copies of anything, which is why there was so much power in the hands of kings and popes. But then came printing. As I wrote in *Nonzero*:
“Martin Luther, a theologian of modest prominence, affixed his critique of Catholic doctrine to the door of Wittenberg’s All Saints Church on October 31, 1517, and within weeks three separate editions were rolling off the presses in three cities.”
Haidt’s piece notes that new digital technologies have eroded the power of traditional gatekeepers and made it easier for extremists to find voice. Well, Martin Luther bypassed the ultimate gatekeeper—the Pope—and he wasn’t exactly a moderate. He said, for example, “Heretics are not to be disputed with, but to be condemned unheard” and should “perish by fire.” As for Jews: “Burn the synagogues.”
As Luther’s fame grew, and eager printers published his books, and the reception they got encouraged him to write more of them, he seems to have deployed the basic tricks now practiced by social media potentates to expand their followings. Let us count the tricks:
*1) Push emotional buttons.*The historian Craig Harline writes in *A World Ablaze,* his book about Luther and the Reformation, that Luther “dug right down into his readers’ (and listeners’) emotions and fears and hopes.” Unlike most theologians of his day, he wasn’t “just formal and rational and detached.” (Criticized for sometimes going low brow, Luther said that he wasn’t “ashamed in the slightest” to appeal to the uneducated—and that other clergy would have been wise to do the same rather than put out “those heavy, weighty tomes.”)
2) *Be willing to antagonize people if you can capitalize on the notoriety by expanding your following.* Harline writes, “Even if some friends abandoned him and new enemies attacked him, he could always count on his ‘fast hand and rapid memory’ that allowed him to write so much, and on his good friends the printers, who sent his writings into the world.”
3) *Strengthen your appeal within your own tribe by playing to its hostility toward enemy tribes.* Harline writes: “Sometimes he was a little sharp, but he always figured that it was better to upset a few people than to upset God by not speaking the truth, and besides his supporters liked it when he was sharp to people they wanted him to be sharp with.”
4) *When forced to choose between strict adherence to truth and viral potential, go with viral potential.* “Sometimes he exaggerated,” Harline writes, but “that helped him attract certain readers.”
5) *Demonize leaders of the other tribe.* Luther did this more literally than most. He said, for example, “After the devil himself, there is no worse folk than the pope and his followers.”
Haidt, summarizing research on the effects of social media, writes that, “on balance, social media amplifies political polarization; foments populism, especially right-wing populism; and is associated with the spread of misinformation.” Well, Luther was a polarizing populist who spread misinformation—and the printing press strengthened his incentive to be exactly that. The positive reinforcement didn’t come as often as it comes when you can check your retweet numbers every few minutes, but it came—when sales numbers rolled in or when readers gave him feedback—and he followed its guidance.
I’d love to be able to end this piece here, with the reassurance that there’s no more reason to worry about the impact of social media than there was to worry about the impact of the printing press. There are two reasons I can’t do that.
1) *There was plenty of reason to worry about the impact of the printing press.* The “wars of religion” that punctuated the 16th and 17th centuries weren’t *just* wars of religion, but they certainly drew fuel from the tensions between Protestant and Catholic that Luther, via the power of printing, helped create and then amplified. So if we could do a better job this time around of minimizing the blowback from a new information technology, that would be great.
2) *Social media does pose new challenges.* I agree with Haidt: Though social media provides some great new things, it’s also an unprecedentedly powerful accelerant for antagonism and misinformation, and it strongly encourages explosively reflexive judgment. Some kinds of social media do seem, as Haidt puts it, “almost perfectly designed to bring out our most moralistic and least reflective selves.”
So, all told, I can’t in good conscience tell you to calm down and rest assured that the future will be fine. What I can do is give you my idea of the most productive way to frame the challenge of making the future fine. And I can give you the view of a fine future that I laid out in *Nonzero*.
The framing begins with appreciating how closely intertwined the divisive and unifying effects of information technology can be. New information technologies so often have both effects at once—fragmenting social groups while integrating social groups—that in *Nonzero* I invoked the term *fragmegration* (coined by the scholar James Rosenau, though not in a context of information technology) to emphasize this fact.
So, for example, even as Martin Luther was severing some Christians from other Christians, he was also integrating a bunch of Christians into the new Protestant tribe, a tribe that would extend across national borders (and that would subdivide into cohesive border-crossing tribes: Lutherans, Methodists, Baptists, etc.). And both sides of this dynamic—the *fragme* and the *gration*—were facilitated by the printing press (which would eventually help Protestant denominations cohere across long distances via things like standardized hymnals—and for that matter would allow the Catholic Church to standardize its liturgy internationally).
As I emphasized in *Nonzero*, the digital revolution—even before the internet age dawned, and certainly after that—did what the printing press did: It made promulgating information cheaper and easier. So more and more people could try to be like Martin Luther and start a new tribe, even an international tribe. And these tribes could be narrower than ever: as technology marches on, it becomes feasible to sustain groups with fewer and fewer members over long distances.
Social media takes this to a new level, making it easier than ever for people with common interests, even obscure ones, to find each other and cohere. (My wife visits a Facebook page whose multinational membership is interested in the health benefits of a certain kind of smoothie-based diet.) So expect to see more and more narrow communities of interest, many of them international—people with certain ideologies, certain hobbies, certain illnesses, whatever. All of which can be a great thing; narrow tribes can provide people with fun or enlightenment or solace—and, of course, with a sense of community.
And when tribes are international, there can be other benefits. Given that wars and lesser conflicts often happen along national borders, it’s probably good to have tribes of shared interest cross those borders—slender threads of transnational concord. And certain kinds of international tribes—vocational ones, for example—can join in the dialogue that shapes the policies of international bodies like the World Trade Organization. This capacity of digitally-organized tribes to help consolidate global social organization is a development I highlighted in *Nonzero;* the book is in no small part about the drift of history toward global community—and is an argument that, though crossing the threshold to true global community isn’t inevitable, it’s the only alternative to catastrophe.
However, international integration, for all its virtues, can entail national fragmentation. One grievance that drove support for Donald Trump in 2016 was that American coastal elites felt more connected to elites in other countries than to their fellow Americans in the heartland. And there was some truth to that! There’s also truth to the European version of it—that some elites in France and Germany and Britain feel closer to one another than to the working stiffs in their own countries.
Interestingly, there have been [attempts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Movement_(populist_group)) to counter this international network of elites with an international network of Trumpist nationalists (however ironic that may sound). I can actually imagine this kind of international populist tribe becoming a stable part of a global community—but this isn’t the place to elaborate on that long-term scenario (which I’ve done [elsewhere](https://www.wired.com/story/trump-style-nationalism-make-globalism-great-again/)). My main point is that one big development of recent decades—the formation of international tribes whose cohesion sometimes comes at the expense of national cohesion—was bound to happen, given the direction of technological evolution; and it was bound to be turbulent.
And, leaving aside the inherent tensions of moving toward a global level of social organization, there are lots of other digital-technology-abetted (and sometimes specifically social-media-abetted) problems to worry about. Like QAnoners and other conspiracy theory tribes. And violent political extremist tribes. And intense animosity among even less extreme ideological tribes. And so on.
So, all told, I agree with Haidt: We face a big challenge! If I’m slightly more optimistic than he is about meeting the challenge, I think it’s because I see the problem as less radically new than he does.
By that I don’t just mean that I see social media, and the internet broadly, sustaining a trend we’ve seen at earlier technological thresholds, such as the print revolution—a trend toward more tribes, often narrower tribes, and sometimes more intensely combative tribes. I also mean that the prime mover of the antagonism now emanating from some of the tribal boundaries is the same as it ever was: the psychology of tribalism. Martin Luther pushed the buttons that are being pushed now.
The psychology of tribalism is an extremely hard thing to grapple with. But at least grappling with it is a single, identifiable challenge. Having a big and difficult challenge that’s the key to curing epic troubles is probably better than having a zillion little challenges that are the key—and is way better than not being able to figure out what the key is.
Haidt certainly isn’t oblivious to this challenge. He’s spent a lot of time on the psychology of tribalism in the past, and in the Atlantic piece he mentions the problem of confirmation bias—which, in [my conception](https://nonzero.substack.com/p/what-is-tribalism?s=w) of the psychology of tribalism, at least, plays a big role, along with some other cognitive biases. Still, he seems to want to view the problems he’s describing as not fundamentally rooted in this psychology. Near the outset of the piece he tells us that “Babel is not a story about tribalism.”
But his logic here doesn’t make sense to me. It’s in elaborating on this assertion that he says Babel is “a metaphor for what is happening not only between red and blue, but within the left and within the right, as well as within universities, companies, professional associations, museums, and even families.”
Yes, I’m familiar with divisions within families; three of my four siblings voted for Trump. But this intra-family division is fundamentally tribal—not just because it’s a red-blue division, but because it activates, and is sustained by, the same mental mechanisms that mediate bitter tribal conflict broadly. When, in November of 2016, I was walking down a bucolic street screaming at my brother over the phone, the psychology of tribalism was at work.
So too within “universities, companies, professional associations, museums.” If they’re divided, then they’re probably divided by something that is in some sense ideological—a tribal boundary that cuts through the university or company or whatever but extends beyond it. And the psychology of tribalism is what keeps that boundary tense.
Haidt works at a university, and universities have been the scene of some rough battles over issues he cares deeply about, such as cancel culture. I suspect that if you’re in the middle of that war it can seem pretty crazy—as if you’re trying to reason with people who evince no signs of reason, who have succumbed to flat-out delusion; as if humankind has been afflicted by a wholly new malady.
But from where I sit, what looks like delusion (and may in some cases *be* delusion) is just the operation of some of the cognitive biases that constitute the psychology of tribalism. Tribalism-related delusions have always been with us. They may be worse than usual now—that’s what a revolution in information technology can do to people—but they’re still part of the psychology of tribalism.
So I guess that I, more than Haidt, have a grand unified theory of the problem he’s worried about. My theory in a nutshell: The inexorable march of information technology, combined with the psychology of tribalism, has heightened turbulence, loathing, and delusion before, and it’s doing that now.
And it’s doing *a lot* of that now—in part because of how rapidly the information technology is evolving, in part because of the forms it’s assuming (most notably social media), but also, I think, because of the magnitude of the attendant change in social structure: a movement from national toward international social organization.
In underscoring the importance of working to erode the psychology of tribalism (a challenge approachable from various angles, including one I wrote [a book](https://www.amazon.com/Why-Buddhism-True-Philosophy-Enlightenment-ebook/dp/B01MPZNG63/ref=sr_1_1?crid=248V6S94MQHDO&keywords=%22why+buddhism+is+true%22&qid=1651159723&sprefix=why+buddhism+is+true+%2Caps%2C71&sr=8-1) about), I don’t mean to detract from the value of piecemeal reforms. Haidt offers worthwhile ideas about how to make social media less virulent and how to reduce the paralyzing influence of information technology on democracy. (He spends a lot of time on the info tech and democracy issue—and, once again, I’d say he’s identified a big problem but also a longstanding problem; I wrote about it in 1995, in a Time magazine piece whose [archival version](http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,163516,00.html) is mis-dated as 2001.) The challenge we face is too big to let any good ideas go to waste, and Haidt’s piece includes some good ones.
Still, I do think that stepping back and looking at the trajectory of history lets us assess the current turmoil with less of a sense of disorientation than Haidt seems to feel. At least, that’s one takeaway from my argument in *Nonzero*, which chronicled how the evolution of technology, especially information technology, had propelled human social organization from the hunter-gatherer village to the brink of global community—a threshold that, I argued, we will fail to cross at our peril.
This isn’t the place to try to recapitulate that argument in compelling form. (There’s a reason I devoted a whole book to it.) So there’s no reason the argument should make sense to you right now. All I can say is that if you do ever have occasion to assess the argument, and it does make sense to you, the turbulence we’re going through will also make more sense to you.
# ‘There was an enormous amount of drugs being taken’: Graham Nash on groupies, feuds, divorce and ego
“I feel good,” a ludicrously youthful Graham Nash tells me. “Eighty years old and still rocking.” And some. Nash has rocked his way twice into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame – as a member of the pop group the Hollies and as part of the groundbreaking folk-rock super-group Crosby, Stills and Nash.
His recent activities include touring, publishing a book of his photography, recording a live version of his first two solo albums, and running his lucrative fine art printing studio, Nash Editions. And then there’s his 2019 marriage to artist Amy Grantham, 37 years his junior. “I’m singing excellently, the music is great, and I’m selling lots of merch. Everything is going really well.” But, as I discover later, it’s more complex than that.
He’s video-calling from New York, where he now lives after decades on the west coast and Hawaii. It’s a far cry from the Salford of his working-class childhood, living in a two-up, two-down terrace, outdoor toilets, no hot water. At 14 he became the man of the family when his father was imprisoned for receiving a stolen camera (a present for Graham) and refusing to grass on the relative who had sold it to him. Music provided a way out for Nash. He formed the Hollies with his best friend from primary school, Allan Clarke. They had hit after hit in the 1960s, with catchy songs such as Carrie-Anne, On a Carousel and Bus Stop.
When did he realise he could make a career out of music? “The first time Allan and I with our two acoustic guitars attracted really pretty women. I was like: ‘Oh, I see!’ Once I could play three chords on the guitar, my attractiveness to the ladies went up sky-high.” Ladies and his attractiveness to them loom large in Nash’s life story.
In 2013, Nash published his memoir, Wild Tales (also the name of his second album). The book was full of them. Nash had been regarded as one of the quiet men of the music industry, a sensible, unifying figure who did his best to keep the excesses of Stephen Stills and David Crosby in check. But here it emerged that he indulged just as much as they did. The only difference was that he was lucky enough not to have an addictive personality.
Your memoir is pure sex, drugs and rock’n’roll, I say. He grins. “That’s what my life was. And is.” That’s amazing at 80, I say. “Absolutely. It’s *totally* amazing. Let me get my tea.” He reaches for his mug.
The early days of the Hollies, in particular, sound like one long shagathon. “We’d get laid a lot, of course, mainly girls that you picked up at the shows … once you were found it usually led to sex,” he writes in his memoir. Not surprisingly, his marriage to Rose Eccles (whose surname inspired the hit Jennifer Eccles) was over by his mid-20s.
![Nash (far left) and Allan Clarke (second left) with the Hollies in 1964.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/40cc2576869c0c8a6e02ca2eb5a9c92e412d7ac2/0_0_4986_3462/master/4986.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=f820c1b50ff3e72237ffdcde8f872c9d)
Nash (far left) and Allan Clarke (second left) with the Hollies in 1964. Photograph: Val Wilmer/Redferns
Does he think today’s pop stars could get away with what they did? “I don’t think they can get away with it now because of social media. There is no privacy any more. And once it’s on the net it will never leave the net. And that’s terrifying because we’ve all done incredibly stupid things.”
I’m looking at his teeth as he talks. They’re so white and perfect. Are they natural? He smiles, giving me an even better view. “No, I’m English,” he says.
By the late 60s Nash felt he had outgrown the Hollies and told them he was leaving. It caused a huge fallout with Clarke, though they made up long ago and Nash is currently helping him with a solo album. In his book he called the band “provincial”. While they were still drinking eight pints a night of bitter, he’d had his mind expanded by cannabis. He was no longer satisfied writing bubble-gum pop about fancying girls; he had bigger issues to explore – war, justice, idealism and grownup relationships.
Even today, he says, much of his joy comes from the way dope enables him to focus on the world’s beauty rather than its horror. “I’m glad that I got to know marijuana when I did. It changed my life completely,” he says in that unlikely Salford-Californian hybrid accent (imagine Mark E Smith as an LA lifestyle guru). “I get up every morning and I’m glad I’m alive.”
![Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young at Wembley Stadium in 1974.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/438767d96f4cb1651577ef63c401222410cffed7/0_0_4930_3260/master/4930.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=bb265877ef30b1a1368f723c8c951e83)
Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young at Wembley Stadium in 1974. Photograph: David Warner Ellis/Redferns
Did acid also have a positive impact? “It did. I took less than a dozen trips in my life but I realised with the first one that here we are, this ball of mud whizzing at 67,000 miles an hour through space, on one of trillions of planets. I understood when I took acid that everything is meaningless. And because of that everything is completely deeply meaningful.”
Drugs taught him to embrace his contradictions, and prepared him to work with Stills and Crosby. He first played music with them in 1968 at his then girlfriend Joni Mitchell’s home in Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles. He had gone out to stay with Mitchell, parked his car in the driveway, and heard two male voices in the house. “I wasn’t happy about that, but it was David and Stephen. They were having dinner with Joni. At one point David goes: ‘Hey, Stephen, play Willy \[Nash’s nickname\] that song we were just doing’, and they were doing a song called You Don’t Have to Cry. I say: ‘It’s a great song – play it again.’ They play it again. I say: ‘That’s *really* a great song – do me a favour and play it one more time’, and the third time I added my high harmony and the world fucking changed from that moment. And that’s what Joni was the only witness to.”
Nash is not slow to proclaim the greatness of CSN, or the four-man version CSNY (with the added component of Neil Young). To be fair, they were truly great. All four contributed wonderful songs. Stills’ Suite: Judy Blue Eyes, a seven-minute song in four parts, could be part of any classical repertoire (“When he played it to me for the first time I thought fucking Stills was from Mars”). Nash’s Our House and Teach your Children are contemporary nursery rhymes about domestic bliss and parental duties, while Crosby’s darker Long Time Gone and Almost Cut My Hair could rock with the best of them. Nash wrote the band’s only Top 10 single, the gorgeous Just a Song Before I Go.
CSN last toured in 2015 and formally split up in 2016 after a lifetime of spats. What are his memories of their early days together? He smiles. “We used to go to our friends’ houses in Laurel Canyon, me and David and Stephen with a couple of guitars, and we’d kill them. We were fucking *fantastic.* We had discovered a new way of singing, of creating a vocal blend, making our three voices into one. We would *kill* them. They could not believe what we were doing. Then we’d follow that with Guinnevere, then Lady of the Island, then Helplessly Hoping, and You Don’t Have to Cry and they’re all on the floor with their fucking brains melting. That’s the image I see every time I think of those moments.”
[The early days were fabulous](https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2012/dec/17/rock-music-supergroups-1968), he says. “We were in heaven.” But it didn’t last long. They were soon undone by rivalry, egos, excess and drugs. The band that harmonised so sublimely could not have been more discordant. “When we first started there were no egos. I think that came from all the cocaine we snorted. That’s what brought egos into it. There were an enormous amount of drugs being taken.” He runs through a typical day. “I’d get high in the morning and snort in the afternoon and I’d keep going till 3-4am.” Without drugs would the music have been different? “I don’t know, but we may have been able to make more music if we’d not been quite so stoned.”
Nash remembers the date he last took cocaine. “10 December 1984. We had finished a tour and there is the tour-end party. I walk into this room and see all these people smiling, and the smiles never made it to their eyes. It was only a mouth. And I realised I must look like all these people because we were all snorting coke. I stopped instantly and never went back.”
Eventually they would fight over anything from music to women and drugs. After Nash asked the singer Rita Coolidge out on a date to a gig, Stills phoned her up, said Nash was sick and that he would take her. Stills and Coolidge moved in with each other for a few weeks before Nash “won” her back. Nash wrote such sensitive songs about women and relationships, but at times in the memoir he sounds like a priapic boor. I ask whether Michelle Phillips of the Mamas and Papas got in touch after the book was published. “No,” he says sheepishly. He mentions her once, saying that the only reason he went to meet the band was because he “wanted to fuck Michelle”. I wonder how she felt about that single reference, I say. “Well, I didn’t want to fuck John, I didn’t want to fuck Denny, and I didn’t want to fuck Cass. I wanted to fuck Michelle.” He pauses. “Now this was pure toxic masculinity. Completely.”
Was there a toxic masculinity to the whole band? “Absolutely. And it became more evident when Neil joined.” Often Stills and Young competed over guitar solos, I say. Nash corrects me. “Actually, it wasn’t quite that way. I’ve stood in the middle of Stephen and Neil countless times, with these two stags talking to each other through guitar riffs.” If Stills and Young were stags, what were he and Crosby? “We were the grass that kept the two stags alive.”
He then pays Young the ultimate backhanded compliment. “I’ve got utmost respect for him. You can put a European tour together with a crew of 25 people and then a week before he says: ‘Nah, I don’t feel like it’, so all those people are now out of a job. Things like that with Neil I don’t agree with, but I understand his strength and I applaud him for it.” (To be fair to Young, he cancelled tours in 1997 after he [sliced the top off his finger while making a sandwich](https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/neil-young-cancelled-tour-glastonbury-sandwich-injury/), and in 2013 after Crazy Horse guitarist Frank Sampedro broke his hand.) Does Young know he’s selfish? “Neil knows what is best for Neil.” As for Stills, he has nothing but warmth for him now. “I love Stephen. Stephen Stills has got a big heart in that chest of his.” He says he prefers CSN to CSNY and regards Stills as the greatest of the four writers.
It is Crosby, once his closest friend, whom he appears to have had the terminal falling out with. At times, they were inseparable, making four studio albums together when CSN weren’t working. Nash always seemed to be there for Crosby to haul him out of the depths. But times have changed. Nash says he simply got tired of Crosby badmouthing him. What was the final straw? “My patience, my love for him, [it all just stopped](https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/mar/08/graham-nash-csny-david-crosby-stills-young).” And you had loved him? “Of course, for 50-odd years. But when he goes on social media, says I wasn’t his friend, and all I was in it for was the money, that’s fucking heartbreaking for me.”
Could he see CSN/Y reforming? “No, absolutely not. Not a shot in hell.” Why did it break so badly last time? “I tried my best to keep it all together for the friendship, the music and the money. But I just ran out of patience.”
Nash returns to the subject of toxic masculinity. “Why do you think Russia invaded Ukraine? Pure fucking ego of one man. Thousands of people are dying because of one man.” He looks at me, severely. “If you could kill Putin, would you? I would. And I’m a total peacenik. But I realise that if somebody had killed Hitler, millions more people would have been alive.” So if somebody handed you a gun, would you be willing to serve time for killing Putin? “Yes, knowing what I know now, absolutely.”
We segue from toxic masculinity to his live version of the two tender albums he made after splitting up with Mitchell in 1970 – Songs for Beginners and Wild Tales. “Most of the sad songs on those albums are about my relationship with Joni.” Was she the love of your life? “Well, I’m married to this incredible woman right now, so I could say the very same thing about her, but, yes, in those days she was absolutely the love of my life. It’s *Joni Mitchell*, for fuck’s sake! Look at how she looks to start with! Then you put all those songs behind that smile. I didn’t stand a fucking chance.”
![With Joni Mitchell in 1969.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/0a3b86a83593331b45d451ef0d8688841abb6ad2/0_0_4631_3077/master/4631.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=947042ebede702fa95dd8f6c6d76fa88)
With Joni Mitchell in 1969. Photograph: Robert Altman/Getty Images
Before splitting up with him, she told him: “If you hold sand in your hand too tightly, it will slip through your fingers.” Did he hold on to her too tight? “We were each other’s lives then, and I just loved her so much, and she loved me – there’s no doubt about it in my mind. We would light up a fucking room when we walked into it. People would go, ‘Holy shit – what is the glow around these two people?’”
There is a story that you wanted to marry her and expected her to become a housewife? “No, no. *Nononono.* I think Joan thought if she married me I would ask her to stop writing and just cook pie. That is so insane to think that.” I tell him his face has turned bright pink. “I’m blushing. I can feel my face.” Because the idea that you could ask Mitchell to sacrifice her career for yours now seems so ridiculous? “Absolutely.”
At the end of their relationship, Mitchell told him that she thought he hated women. What did she mean? “I don’t know why she thought that.” Maybe she thought you objectified them? “Maybe. I don’t know. It’s hard to think about shit that happened 50 years ago.”
Do you see Joni now? “I do. I sent her a bunch of pictures I took of her. She loved them enough to want to use them as album covers, and of course I gave them to her completely free. You know, you can’t take a beautiful picture of Joni and then sell it to her.” I’m amazed you’re even talking about selling them to her, I say. “Right, no. I couldn’t do that to Joan.”
![Nash with David Crosby, performing at Altamont in 1969.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/e849ba1711e60c373b424ee4e3468d7a9ba47908/0_0_2231_1440/master/2231.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=2cc251989906c1a639bb1398ea0d7a7c)
Nash with David Crosby, performing at Altamont in 1969. Photograph: Eamonn McCabe/The Guardian
The sunny idealism of the mid-60s gave way to a dystopian darkness – the US draft for Vietnam, the killing of Meredith Hunter at the 1969 Rolling Stones Altamont concert, the Manson murders. Nash experienced his own horror in 1975 when his 19-year-old girlfriend [Amy Gossage was murdered by her brother](https://www.nytimes.com/1975/02/18/archives/girl-19-slain-in-home-in-san-francisco-brother-20-her-best-friend.html). There is no mention of her in his memoir. I ask if he found it too painful to write about. “Yeah, my relationship with Amy was incredibly painful.” He looks upset, and starts to stutter. “Particularly … she got murdered by her brother with a hammer. I couldn’t … couldn’t … I couldn’t deal with it. I was writing and writing and writing, and when I came to that part, it made me feel so bad I just didn’t want to deal with it.”
So we deal with something he finds easier to talk about – his third wife, Amy Grantham, who resembles a young Joni Mitchell. Nash left Susan Sennett, his wife of 38 years and the mother of his three adult children, for Grantham in 2016. (In his memoir, he referred to Sennett as the love of his life, and wrote dotingly of his children and grandchildren.) Now he says he feels as if he has been born again. In 2018, he told Event magazine: “My sex life is insane. It’s better than it’s ever been.” Today, he describes their relationship in different terms. “My life has changed because she won’t stand for any of my bullshit. You tell stories or you do something, and she says: ‘No, that’s not the way it is; this is the way I see it.’ And invariably she’s correct. So I’ve got someone in my life who will love me in spite of my weaknesses.”
What are those weaknesses? “Oh, I don’t know.” For younger women? “Not necessarily. I’m trying to live the best life I can, and I want to do that until they close the coffin.”
![Nash with Amy Grantham at a march in 2016.](https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/73342a006d4b7f36d48bf19040becd149ee00380/0_0_3300_2292/master/3300.jpg?width=445&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=761188ab4e72ac250d3366fa3907e7f5)
Nash with Amy Grantham at a march in 2016. Photograph: New York Daily News Archive/Getty Images
But even here the story is complex. I read that his children fell out with him after he separated from Sennett. What happened? “They didn’t realise that I had divorced their mother, not them. So they don’t want me in their lives, and …” He trails off.
All three of the children? “My daughter is a little friendlier than my boys.” That must be tough, to be cut off from them, I say. “It’s terrible. So I’m doing remarkably well considering everything.” Does he think they were so angry with him because of the separation or the age difference? “I don’t know. People have to live their lives. People become who they are, and I realise my kids are not the people I thought they were, that my fatherly eyes glossed over their shortcomings.”
Does he hope there will be a reconciliation? “Actually I don’t. And that might seem awfully strange as a father, but it’s too painful. I can’t live my life in pain. If they don’t want me in their lives, that’s their choice. I don’t agree with it, but I will honour their choice.”
Suddenly the mood has changed. I stare at him, trying to work out what he is thinking. I seem to be looking at a man with the implacable resolve to follow his heart and live his rock’n’roll life to the last. But I also seem to be witnessing the desperate melancholy of an elderly man aware of all he has lost.
*The album Graham Nash: Live is [out on 6 May on Proper Records](https://grahamnash.lnk.to/live).*
Toast cumin in a dry small skillet over medium heat, tossing, until slightly darkened and fragrant, about 2 minutes. Transfer to a small bowl; let cool. Mix in sea salt and Aleppo-style pepper; set aside.
 
#### Step 2
Mix yogurt, cucumber, garlic, chopped mint, and ¾ tsp. kosher salt in a medium bowl; set tzatziki aside.
 
#### Step 3
Whisk eggs, cream, and remaining 1 tsp. kosher salt in another medium bowl until very well combined. Heat butter in a medium nonstick skillet over medium until starting to foam. Add curry powder and cook, stirring, until fragrant and darkened in color, about 10 seconds. Pour in egg mixture and let eggs cook, undisturbed, until edges have just set, then scramble, tilting pan and turning eggs over onto themselves, until just cooked through, about 2 minutes.
 
#### Step 4
Transfer eggs to a plate. Spoon reserved tzatziki alongside. Top with mint leaves, parsley leaves, and dill sprigs; sprinkle reserved spice mixture over.
 
#### Step 5
**Do Ahead:** Tzatziki (without mint and cucumber) can be made 1 week ahead (the garlic flavor will intensify as it sits). Cover and chill.
ANT is the token that gives rights to participate in the governance of Aragon, a DAO itself. It is understood that users of Aragon solutions would want a share of the decision-making on the future of the service and price should therefore be correlated to adoption.
ANT are not easily stakeable, i.e., vested against a yield, however.