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The Great American Novels
In 1868, a little-known writer by the name of John William DeForest proposed a new type of literature, a collective artistic project for a nation just emerging from an existential conflict: a work of fiction that accomplished “the task of painting the American soul.” It would be called the Great American Novel, and no one had written it yet, DeForest admitted. Maybe soon.
A century and a half later, the idea has endured, even as it has become more complicated. In 2024, our definition of literary greatness is wider, deeper, and weirder than DeForest likely could have imagined. At the same time, the novel is also under threat, as the forces of anti-intellectualism and authoritarianism seek to ban books and curtail freedom of expression. The American canon is more capacious, more fluid, and more fragile than perhaps ever before. But what, exactly, is in it? What follows is our attempt to discover just that.
In setting out to identify that new American canon, we decided to define American as having first been published in the United States (or intended to be—read more in our entries on Lolita and The Bell Jar). And we narrowed our aperture to the past 100 years—a period that began as literary modernism was cresting and contains all manner of literary pleasure and possibility, including the experimentations of postmodernism and the narrative satisfactions of genre fiction.
This still left millions of potential titles. So we approached experts—scholars, critics, and novelists, both at The Atlantic and outside it—and asked for their suggestions. From there, we added and subtracted and debated and negotiated and considered and reconsidered until we landed on the list you’re about to read. We didn’t limit ourselves to a round, arbitrary number; we wanted to recognize the very best—novels that say something intriguing about the world and do it distinctively, in intentional, artful prose—no matter how many or few that ended up being (136, as it turns out). Our goal was to single out those classics that stand the test of time, but also to make the case for the unexpected, the unfairly forgotten, and the recently published works that already feel indelible. We aimed for comprehensiveness, rigor, and open-mindedness. Serendipity, too: We hoped to replicate that particular joy of a friend pressing a book into your hand and saying, “You have to read this; you’ll love it.”
This list includes 45 debut novels, nine winners of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and three children’s books. Twelve were published before the introduction of the mass-market paperback to America, and 24 after the release of the Kindle. At least 60 have been banned by schools or libraries. Together, they represent the best of what novels can do: challenge us, delight us, pull us in and then release us, a little smarter and a little more alive than we were before. You have to read them.
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The Great American Novels
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The Great Gatsby
F. Scott Fitzgerald
1925
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An American Tragedy
Theodore Dreiser
1925
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The Making of Americans
Gertrude Stein
1925
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Death Comes for the Archbishop
Willa Cather
1927
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A Farewell to Arms
Ernest Hemingway
1929
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The Sound and the Fury
William Faulkner
1929
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Absalom, Absalom!
William Faulkner
1936
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Nightwood
Djuna Barnes
1936
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East Goes West
Younghill Kang
1937
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Their Eyes Were Watching God
Zora Neale Hurston
1937
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U.S.A.
John Dos Passos
1937
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Ask the Dust
John Fante
1939
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The Big Sleep
Raymond Chandler
1939
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The Day of the Locust
Nathanael West
1939
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The Grapes of Wrath
John Steinbeck
1939
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Native Son
Richard Wright
1940
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The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter
Carson McCullers
1940
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A Time to Be Born
Dawn Powell
1942
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All the King’s Men
Robert Penn Warren
1946
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In a Lonely Place
Dorothy B. Hughes
1947
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The Mountain Lion
Jean Stafford
1947
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The Catcher in the Rye
J. D. Salinger
1951
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Charlotte’s Web
E. B. White
1952
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Invisible Man
Ralph Ellison
1952
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Fahrenheit 451
Ray Bradbury
1953
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Maud Martha
Gwendolyn Brooks
1953
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The Adventures of Augie March
Saul Bellow
1953
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Lolita
Vladimir Nabokov
1955
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Giovanni’s Room
James Baldwin
1956
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Peyton Place
Grace Metalious
1956
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Deep Water
Patricia Highsmith
1957
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On the Road
Jack Kerouac
1957
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The Haunting of Hill House
Shirley Jackson
1959
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Catch-22
Joseph Heller
1961
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A Wrinkle in Time
Madeleine L'Engle
1962
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Another Country
James Baldwin
1962
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One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest
Ken Kesey
1962
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Pale Fire
Vladimir Nabokov
1962
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The Zebra-Striped Hearse
Ross Macdonald
1962
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The Bell Jar
Sylvia Plath
1963
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The Group
Mary McCarthy
1963
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The Crying of Lot 49
Thomas Pynchon
1966
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A Sport and a Pastime
James Salter
1967
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Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?
Philip K. Dick
1968
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Divorcing
Susan Taubes
1969
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Portnoy’s Complaint
Philip Roth
1969
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Slaughterhouse-Five
Kurt Vonnegut
1969
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Are You There God? It’s Me, Margaret
Judy Blume
1970
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Desperate Characters
Paula Fox
1970
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Play It as It Lays
Joan Didion
1970
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Log of the S.S. The Mrs Unguentine
Stanley Crawford
1972
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Mumbo Jumbo
Ishmael Reed
1972
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The Revolt of the Cockroach People
Oscar Zeta Acosta
1973
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The Dispossessed
Ursula K. Le Guin
1974
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Winter in the Blood
James Welch
1974
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Corregidora
Gayl Jones
1975
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Speedboat
Renata Adler
1976
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Ceremony
Leslie Marmon Silko
1977
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Song of Solomon
Toni Morrison
1977
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A Contract With God
Will Eisner
1978
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Dancer From the Dance
Andrew Holleran
1978
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The Stand
Stephen King
1978
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Kindred
Octavia E. Butler
1979
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The Dog of the South
Charles Portis
1979
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Housekeeping
Marilynne Robinson
1980
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The Salt Eaters
Toni Cade Bambara
1980
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Little, Big: Or, the Fairies’ Parliament
John Crowley
1981
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Oxherding Tale
Charles Johnson
1982
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Machine Dreams
Jayne Anne Phillips
1984
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Blood Meridian
Cormac McCarthy
1985
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A Summons to Memphis
Peter Taylor
1986
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Watchmen
Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons
1986
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Dawn
Octavia E. Butler
1987
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Geek Love
Katherine Dunn
1989
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Tripmaster Monkey
Maxine Hong Kingston
1989
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Dogeaters
Jessica Hagedorn
1990
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American Psycho
Bret Easton Ellis
1991
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How the García Girls Lost Their Accents
Julia Alvarez
1991
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Bastard Out of Carolina
Dorothy Allison
1992
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The Secret History
Donna Tartt
1992
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So Far From God
Ana Castillo
1993
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Stone Butch Blues
Leslie Feinberg
1993
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The Shipping News
Annie Proulx
1993
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Native Speaker
Chang-rae Lee
1995
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Sabbath’s Theater
Philip Roth
1995
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Under the Feet of Jesus
Helena María Viramontes
1995
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Infinite Jest
David Foster Wallace
1996
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I Love Dick
Chris Kraus
1997
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Underworld
Don DeLillo
1997
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The Intuitionist
Colson Whitehead
1999
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Blonde
Joyce Carol Oates
2000
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House of Leaves
Mark Z. Danielewski
2000
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The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay
Michael Chabon
2000
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The Last Samurai
Helen DeWitt
2000
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The Quick and the Dead
Joy Williams
2000
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Erasure
Percival Everett
2001
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I, the Divine
Rabih Alameddine
2001
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The Corrections
Jonathan Franzen
2001
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Caramelo
Sandra Cisneros
2002
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Perma Red
Debra Magpie Earling
2002
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The Russian Debutante’s Handbook
Gary Shteyngart
2002
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The Namesake
Jhumpa Lahiri
2003
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Veronica
Mary Gaitskill
2005
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The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao
Junot Díaz
2007
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A Visit From the Goon Squad
Jennifer Egan
2010
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I Hotel
Karen Tei Yamashita
2010
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Salvage the Bones
Jesmyn Ward
2011
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The Round House
Louise Erdrich
2012
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Americanah
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
2013
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A Brief History of Seven Killings
Marlon James
2014
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Family Life
Akhil Sharma
2014
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Fates and Furies
Lauren Groff
2015
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The Fifth Season
N. K. Jemisin
2015
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The Sellout
Paul Beatty
2015
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The Sympathizer
Viet Thanh Nguyen
2015
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Amiable With Big Teeth
Claude McKay
2017
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Lincoln in the Bardo
George Saunders
2017
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There There
Tommy Orange
2018
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Lost Children Archive
Valeria Luiselli
2019
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Nothing to See Here
Kevin Wilson
2019
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The Old Drift
Namwali Serpell
2019
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No One Is Talking About This
Patricia Lockwood
2021
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The Love Songs of W. E. B. Du Bois
Honorée Fanonne Jeffers
2021
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Biography of X
Catherine Lacey
2023
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